# Lexical Complexity Prediction and Lexical Simplification for Catalan and Spanish: Resource Creation, Quality Assessment, and Ethical Considerations

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.07814 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.07814/

## Key facts

- Cited by 1 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 8 of its 56 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 11 Apr 2024.

## Builds on (most cited first, 8 of 8)

- [BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1810.04805/) (2018)
- [A Report on the Complex Word Identification Shared Task 2018](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1804.09132/) (2018)
- [Are Multilingual Models the Best Choice for Moderately Under-resourced Languages? A Comprehensive Assessment for Catalan](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2107.07903/) (2021)
- [CompLex: A New Corpus for Lexical Complexity Prediction from Likert Scale Data](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2003.07008/) (2020)
- [Findings of the TSAR-2022 Shared Task on Multilingual Lexical Simplification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2302.02888/) (2023)
- [SemEval-2021 Task 1: Lexical Complexity Prediction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.00473/) (2021)
- [LSBert: A Simple Framework for Lexical Simplification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2006.14939/) (2020)
- [Complex Word Identification: Challenges in Data Annotation and System Performance](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1710.04989/) (2017)

## Built on by (most cited first, 1 of 1)

- [Opportunities and Challenges of LLMs in Education: An NLP Perspective](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2507.22753/) (2025)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Automatic lexical simplification is a task to substitute lexical items that may be unfamiliar and difficult to understand with easier and more common words. This paper presents the description and analysis of two novel datasets for lexical simplification in Spanish and Catalan. This dataset represents the first of its kind in Catalan and a substantial addition to the sparse data on automatic lexical simplification which is available for Spanish. Specifically, it is the first dataset for Spanish which includes scalar ratings of the understanding difficulty of lexical items. In addition, we present a detailed analysis aiming at assessing the appropriateness and ethical dimensions of the data for the lexical simplification task.