# Exploring the Nexus of Large Language Models and Legal Systems: A Short Survey

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.00990 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.00990/

## Key facts

- Cited by 6 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 41 of its 60 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 1 Apr 2024.

## Builds on (most cited first, 30 of 41)

- [LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2302.13971/) (2023)
- [A Survey on Hallucination in Large Language Models: Principles, Taxonomy, Challenges, and Open Questions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2311.05232/) (2023)
- [Visual ChatGPT: Talking, Drawing and Editing with Visual Foundation Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.04671/) (2023)
- [Guiding Pretraining in Reinforcement Learning with Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2302.06692/) (2023)
- [CAIL2018: A Large-Scale Legal Dataset for Judgment Prediction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1807.02478/) (2018)
- [Understanding the Capabilities, Limitations, and Societal Impact of Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2102.02503/) (2021)
- [Chatlaw: A Multi-Agent Legal Assistant based on a Role-Aligned Mixture-of-Experts Architecture](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.16092/) (2023)
- [DISC-LawLLM: Fine-tuning Large Language Models for Intelligent Legal Services](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.11325/) (2023)
- [Can GPT-3 Perform Statutory Reasoning?](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2302.06100/) (2023)
- [Legal Prompting: Teaching a Language Model to Think Like a Lawyer](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2212.01326/) (2022)
- [MultiLegalPile: A 689GB Multilingual Legal Corpus](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.02069/) (2023)
- [Legal Prompt Engineering for Multilingual Legal Judgement Prediction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2212.02199/) (2022)
- [LeXFiles and LegalLAMA: Facilitating English Multinational Legal Language Model Development](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.07507/) (2023)
- [Lawyer LLaMA Technical Report](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.15062/) (2023)
- [A Short Survey of Viewing Large Language Models in Legal Aspect](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.09136/) (2023)
- [Precedent-Enhanced Legal Judgment Prediction with LLM and Domain-Model Collaboration](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.09241/) (2023)
- [A Survey on Legal Judgment Prediction: Datasets, Metrics, Models and Challenges](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.04859/) (2022)
- [How Ready are Pre-trained Abstractive Models and LLMs for Legal Case Judgement Summarization?](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.01248/) (2023)
- [Explaining Legal Concepts with Augmented Large Language Models (GPT-4)](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.09525/) (2023)
- [Natural Language Processing in the Legal Domain](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2302.12039/) (2023)
- [LeCaRDv2: A Large-Scale Chinese Legal Case Retrieval Dataset](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.17609/) (2023)
- [ChatGPT may Pass the Bar Exam soon, but has a Long Way to Go for the LexGLUE benchmark](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.12202/) (2023)
- [Law Informs Code: A Legal Informatics Approach to Aligning Artificial Intelligence with Humans](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2209.13020/) (2022)
- [The Dark Side of ChatGPT: Legal and Ethical Challenges from Stochastic Parrots and Hallucination](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.14347/) (2023)
- [Prophet: Prompting Large Language Models with Complementary Answer Heuristics for Knowledge-based Visual Question Answering](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.01903/) (2023)
- [PolicyGPT: Automated Analysis of Privacy Policies with Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.10238/) (2023)
- [Reformulating Domain Adaptation of Large Language Models as Adapt-Retrieve-Revise: A Case Study on Chinese Legal Domain](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.03328/) (2023)
- [Legal Extractive Summarization of U.S. Court Opinions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.08428/) (2023)
- [LexGPT 0.1: pre-trained GPT-J models with Pile of Law](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.05431/) (2023)
- [LLaMandement: Large Language Models for Summarization of French Legislative Proposals](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2401.16182/) (2024)

## Built on by (most cited first, 6 of 6)

- [Towards Reliable Retrieval in RAG Systems for Large Legal Datasets](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2510.06999/) (2025)
- [Exploring Possibilities of AI-Powered Legal Assistance in Bangladesh through Large Language Modeling](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.17210/) (2024)
- [When Large Language Models Meet Law: Dual-Lens Taxonomy, Technical Advances, and Ethical Governance](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2507.07748/) (2025)
- [Mina: A Multilingual LLM-Powered Legal Assistant Agent for Bangladesh for Empowering Access to Justice](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2511.08605/) (2025)
- [NeuroSymbolic AI for Legal AI-TRISM: Trustworthy, Reliable, Interpretable, Safe Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2606.15646/) (2026)
- [Using Large Language Models for Legal Decision-Making in Austrian Value-Added Tax Law: A Comparative Study](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2507.08468/) (2025)

## Abstract (arXiv)

With the advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Large Language Models (LLMs), there is a profound transformation occurring in the realm of natural language processing tasks within the legal domain. The capabilities of LLMs are increasingly demonstrating unique roles in the legal sector, bringing both distinctive benefits and various challenges. This survey delves into the synergy between LLMs and the legal system, such as their applications in tasks like legal text comprehension, case retrieval, and analysis. Furthermore, this survey highlights key challenges faced by LLMs in the legal domain, including bias, interpretability, and ethical considerations, as well as how researchers are addressing these issues. The survey showcases the latest advancements in fine-tuned legal LLMs tailored for various legal systems, along with legal datasets available for fine-tuning LLMs in various languages. Additionally, it proposes directions for future research and development.