# Change-Agent: Towards Interactive Comprehensive Remote Sensing Change Interpretation and Analysis

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.19646 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.19646/

## Key facts

- Cited by 63 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 30 of its 82 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 28 Mar 2024.

## Builds on (most cited first, 30 of 30)

- [Language Models are Few-Shot Learners](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2005.14165/) (2020)
- [Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2307.09288/) (2023)
- [ReAct: Synergizing Reasoning and Acting in Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2210.03629/) (2022)
- [Batch Normalization: Accelerating Deep Network Training by Reducing Internal Covariate Shift](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1502.03167/) (2015)
- [Toolformer: Language Models Can Teach Themselves to Use Tools](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2302.04761/) (2023)
- [Learning Phrase Representations using RNN Encoder-Decoder for Statistical Machine Translation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1406.1078/) (2014)
- [SegFormer: Simple and Efficient Design for Semantic Segmentation with Transformers](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2105.15203/) (2021)
- [Pre-train, Prompt, and Predict: A Systematic Survey of Prompting Methods in Natural Language Processing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2107.13586/) (2021)
- [CIDEr: Consensus-based Image Description Evaluation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1411.5726/) (2014)
- [MetaGPT: Meta Programming for A Multi-Agent Collaborative Framework](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.00352/) (2023)
- [Convolutional LSTM Network: A Machine Learning Approach for Precipitation Nowcasting](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1506.04214/) (2015)
- [HuggingGPT: Solving AI Tasks with ChatGPT and its Friends in Hugging Face](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.17580/) (2023)
- [Visual Programming: Compositional visual reasoning without training](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2211.11559/) (2022)
- [Pre-Trained Models: Past, Present and Future](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.07139/) (2021)
- [Fully Convolutional Siamese Networks for Change Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1810.08462/) (2018)
- [Remote Sensing Image Change Detection with Transformers](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.00208/) (2021)
- [A Transformer-Based Siamese Network for Change Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2201.01293/) (2022)
- [ReWOO: Decoupling Reasoning from Observations for Efficient Augmented Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.18323/) (2023)
- [RSPrompter: Learning to Prompt for Remote Sensing Instance Segmentation based on Visual Foundation Model](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.16269/) (2023)
- [Describing and Localizing Multiple Changes with Transformers](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.14146/) (2021)
- [Fully Convolutional Change Detection Framework with Generative Adversarial Network for Unsupervised, Weakly Supervised and Regional Supervised Change Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2201.06030/) (2022)
- [Joint Spatio-Temporal Modeling for the Semantic Change Detection in Remote Sensing Images](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2212.05245/) (2022)
- [Changes to Captions: An Attentive Network for Remote Sensing Change Captioning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.01091/) (2023)
- [Progressive Scale-aware Network for Remote sensing Image Change Captioning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.00355/) (2023)
- [Time Travelling Pixels: Bitemporal Features Integration with Foundation Model for Remote Sensing Image Change Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2312.16202/) (2023)
- [Remote Sensing Change Detection With Transformers Trained from Scratch](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.06710/) (2023)
- [Dense Pixel-to-Pixel Harmonization via Continuous Image Representation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.01681/) (2023)
- [Bootstrapping Interactive Image-Text Alignment for Remote Sensing Image Captioning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2312.01191/) (2023)
- [Pixel-Level Change Detection Pseudo-Label Learning for Remote Sensing Change Captioning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2312.15311/) (2023)
- [Implicit Ray-Transformers for Multi-view Remote Sensing Image Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.08401/) (2023)

## Built on by (most cited first, 30 of 63)

- [EarthDial: Turning Multi-sensory Earth Observations to Interactive Dialogues](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2412.15190/) (2024)
- [RS-Agent: Automating Remote Sensing Tasks through Intelligent Agent](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.07089/) (2024)
- [Text2Earth: Unlocking Text-driven Remote Sensing Image Generation with a Global-Scale Dataset and a Foundation Model](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.00895/) (2025)
- [ChangeChat: An Interactive Model for Remote Sensing Change Analysis via Multimodal Instruction Tuning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2409.08582/) (2024)
- [An LLM Agent for Automatic Geospatial Data Analysis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.18792/) (2024)
- [A Survey on Remote Sensing Foundation Models: From Vision to Multimodality](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.22081/) (2025)
- [DynamicVL: Benchmarking Multimodal Large Language Models for Dynamic City Understanding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.21076/) (2025)
- [Semantic-CC: Boosting Remote Sensing Image Change Captioning via Foundational Knowledge and Semantic Guidance](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2407.14032/) (2024)
- [Towards LLM Agents for Earth Observation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.12110/) (2025)
- [RSRefSeg 2: Decoupling Referring Remote Sensing Image Segmentation with Foundation Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2507.06231/) (2025)
- [Enhancing Perception of Key Changes in Remote Sensing Image Change Captioning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2409.12612/) (2024)
- [DVP-MVS: Synergize Depth-Edge and Visibility Prior for Multi-View Stereo](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2412.11578/) (2024)
- [Foundation Models in Remote Sensing: Evolving from Unimodality to Multimodality](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.00988/) (2026)
- [Mask Approximation Net: A Novel Diffusion Model Approach for Remote Sensing Change Captioning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2412.19179/) (2024)
- [ShapefileGPT: A Multi-Agent Large Language Model Framework for Automated Shapefile Processing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.12376/) (2024)
- [Robust Change Captioning in Remote Sensing: SECOND-CC Dataset and MModalCC Framework](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.10075/) (2025)
- [What if Agents Could Imagine? Reinforcing Open-Vocabulary HOI Comprehension through Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2602.11499/) (2026)
- [ChangeMinds: Multi-task Framework for Detecting and Describing Changes in Remote Sensing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.10047/) (2024)
- [DeltaVLM: Interactive Remote Sensing Image Change Analysis via Instruction-guided Difference Perception](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2507.22346/) (2025)
- [Agentic AI in Remote Sensing: Foundations, Taxonomy, and Emerging Systems](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2601.01891/) (2026)
- [VLRS-Bench: A Vision-Language Reasoning Benchmark for Remote Sensing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2602.07045/) (2026)
- [Can LLM Agents Respond to Disasters? Benchmarking Heterogeneous Geospatial Reasoning in Emergency Operations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.11633/) (2026)
- [DVP-MVS++: Synergize Depth-Normal-Edge and Harmonized Visibility Prior for Multi-View Stereo](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2506.13215/) (2025)
- [Earth-OneVision: Extending Remote Sensing Multimodal Large Language Models to More Sensor Modalities and Tasks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2606.10819/) (2026)
- [MGIMM: Multi-Granularity Instruction Multimodal Model for Attribute-Guided Remote Sensing Image Detailed Description](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.04716/) (2024)
- [Exploring Foundation Models in Remote Sensing Image Change Detection: A Comprehensive Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.07824/) (2024)
- [MV-CC: Mask Enhanced Video Model for Remote Sensing Change Caption](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.23946/) (2024)
- [SeG-SR: Integrating Semantic Knowledge into Remote Sensing Image Super-Resolution via Vision-Language Model](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.23010/) (2025)
- [ViLaCD-R1: A Vision-Language Framework for Semantic Change Detection in Remote Sensing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2512.23244/) (2025)
- [RS-Claw: Progressive Active Tool Exploration via Hierarchical Skill Trees for Remote Sensing Agents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.13391/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Monitoring changes in the Earth's surface is crucial for understanding natural processes and human impacts, necessitating precise and comprehensive interpretation methodologies. Remote sensing satellite imagery offers a unique perspective for monitoring these changes, leading to the emergence of remote sensing image change interpretation (RSICI) as a significant research focus. Current RSICI technology encompasses change detection and change captioning, each with its limitations in providing comprehensive interpretation. To address this, we propose an interactive Change-Agent, which can follow user instructions to achieve comprehensive change interpretation and insightful analysis, such as change detection and change captioning, change object counting, change cause analysis, etc. The Change-Agent integrates a multi-level change interpretation (MCI) model as the eyes and a large language model (LLM) as the brain. The MCI model contains two branches of pixel-level change detection and semantic-level change captioning, in which the BI-temporal Iterative Interaction (BI3) layer is proposed to enhance the model's discriminative feature representation capabilities. To support the training of the MCI model, we build the LEVIR-MCI dataset with a large number of change masks and captions of changes. Experiments demonstrate the SOTA performance of the MCI model in achieving both change detection and change description simultaneously, and highlight the promising application value of our Change-Agent in facilitating comprehensive interpretation of surface changes, which opens up a new avenue for intelligent remote sensing applications. To facilitate future research, we will make our dataset and codebase of the MCI model and Change-Agent publicly available at https://github.com/Chen-Yang-Liu/Change-Agent