# Exploring the Capabilities and Limitations of Large Language Models in the Electric Energy Sector

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.09125 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.09125/

## Key facts

- Cited by 30 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 14 Mar 2024.

## Built on by (most cited first, 30 of 30)

- [Foundation Models for the Electric Power Grid](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2407.09434/) (2024)
- [ControlAgent: Automating Control System Design via Novel Integration of LLM Agents and Domain Expertise](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.19811/) (2024)
- [Enhancing LLMs for Power System Simulations: A Feedback-driven Multi-agent Framework](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2411.16707/) (2024)
- [EEE-Bench: A Comprehensive Multimodal Electrical And Electronics Engineering Benchmark](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2411.01492/) (2024)
- [A Review of Safe Reinforcement Learning Methods for Modern Power Systems](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2407.00304/) (2024)
- [X-GridAgent: An LLM-Powered Agentic AI System for Assisting Power Grid Analysis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2512.20789/) (2025)
- [RL2: Reinforce Large Language Model to Assist Safe Reinforcement Learning for Energy Management of Active Distribution Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2412.01303/) (2024)
- [Agentic AI Home Energy Management System: A Large Language Model Framework for Residential Load Scheduling](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2510.26603/) (2025)
- [Enabling Large Language Models to Perform Power System Simulations with Previously Unseen Tools: A Case of Daline](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.17215/) (2024)
- [Large Language Model Powered Automated Modeling and Optimization of Active Distribution Network Dispatch Problems](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2507.21162/) (2025)
- [Building a Domain-specific Guardrail Model in Production](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2408.01452/) (2024)
- [Large Language Model Interface for Home Energy Management Systems](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.07919/) (2025)
- [Unlearning Climate Misinformation in Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2405.19563/) (2024)
- [Large Language Model-Empowered Interactive Load Forecasting](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.16577/) (2025)
- [Supporting Energy Policy Research with Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.12924/) (2024)
- [Natural Language Interaction with a Household Electricity Knowledge-based Digital Twin](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.06566/) (2024)
- [LA-RCS: LLM-Agent-Based Robot Control System](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.18214/) (2025)
- [Can AI Make Energy Retrofit Decisions? An Evaluation of Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2509.06307/) (2025)
- [WindFM: An Open-Source Foundation Model for Zero-Shot Wind Power Forecasting](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2509.06311/) (2025)
- [Two-Stage Active Distribution Network Voltage Control via LLM-RL Collaboration: A Hybrid Knowledge-Data-Driven Approach](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2602.21715/) (2026)
- [Knowledge boundary probing and demand-guided intervention for LLM-based power system code generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.31478/) (2026)
- [Enhanced physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) for high-order power grid dynamics](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.07527/) (2024)
- [Large Language Model as An Operator: An Experience-Driven Solution for Distribution Network Voltage Control](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2507.14800/) (2025)
- [One Request, Multiple Experts: LLM Orchestrates Domain Specific Models via Adaptive Task Routing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2511.12484/) (2025)
- [TimeSeries2Report prompting enables adaptive large language model management of lithium-ion batteries](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2512.16453/) (2025)
- [Empowering All-in-Loop Health Management of Spacecraft Power System in the Mega-Constellation Era via Human-AI Collaboration](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2601.12667/) (2026)
- [See2Refine: Vision-Language Feedback Improves LLM-Based eHMI Action Designers](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2602.02063/) (2026)
- [When Agents Meet Electric Bus Fleet Operations: Pricing Behavior, Trade-offs, and Policy Implications in an Aggregator Framework](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2606.26400/) (2026)
- [A Multimodal Dataset for Large Language Model Applications in the Energy Domain](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2607.11459/) (2026)
- [LLMs and Agentic AI Systems for Smart Grids: A Tutorial on Architectures and Applications](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2607.18147/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Large Language Models (LLMs) as chatbots have drawn remarkable attention thanks to their versatile capability in natural language processing as well as in a wide range of tasks. While there has been great enthusiasm towards adopting such foundational model-based artificial intelligence tools in all sectors possible, the capabilities and limitations of such LLMs in improving the operation of the electric energy sector need to be explored, and this article identifies fruitful directions in this regard. Key future research directions include data collection systems for fine-tuning LLMs, embedding power system-specific tools in the LLMs, and retrieval augmented generation (RAG)-based knowledge pool to improve the quality of LLM responses and LLMs in safety-critical use cases.