# Understanding the PULSAR Effect in Combined Radiotherapy and Immunotherapy through Attention Mechanisms with a Transformer Model

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.04175 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.04175/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 7 Mar 2024.

## Abstract (arXiv)

PULSAR (personalized, ultra-fractionated stereotactic adaptive radiotherapy) is the adaptation of stereotactic ablative radiotherapy towards personalized cancer management. For the first time, we applied a transformer-based attention mechanism to investigate the underlying interactions between combined PULSAR and PD-L1 blockade immunotherapy based on a murine cancer model (Lewis Lung Carcinoma, LLC). The proposed approach is able to predict the trend of tumor volume change semi-quantitatively, and excels in identifying the potential causal relationships through both self-attention and cross-attention scores.