# Grey Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) Based Second Order Statistics for Image Texture Analysis

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.04038 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.04038/

## Key facts

- Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 6 Mar 2024.

## Built on by (most cited first, 2 of 2)

- [An Empirical Study on the Robustness of YOLO Models for Underwater Object Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2509.17561/) (2025)
- [Illumination-Aware Contactless Fingerprint Spoof Detection via Paired Flash-Non-Flash Imaging](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.17679/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Grey Level Co-occurrence Matrix and Grey Level Difference Vector are described and computed for twenty four 128 x 128 x 3 test images along horizontal, vertical and diagonal directions. Second order image statistics such as Contrast, Dissimilarity, Homogeneity (Inverse Difference Moment), Angular Second Moment, Energy, Maximum Probability, Entropy, Mean, Standard Deviation and Correlation are computed and studied. Grey Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) and Grey Level Difference Vector (GLDV) are described and computed for twenty four 128 x 128 x 3 test images along horizontal, vertical and diagonal directions. Second order image statistics such as Contrast, Dissimilarity, Homogeneity (Inverse Difference Moment), Angular Second Moment (ASM), Energy, Maximum Probability, Entropy, Mean, Standard Deviation and Correlation are computed and studied. The results show that smooth images have lower Contrast values and higher Probability of Occurrence of Difference of same range as rough images having higher Contrast values and lower Probability of Occurrence. The degree of smoothness or roughness of an image may not be exactly the same along horizontal, vertical and diagonal directions. There are significant correlation between Dissimilarity & Contrast, Homogeneity & Contrast, Entropy & Contrast, Energy & Contrast, Standard Deviation & Contrast, Correlation & Contrast, and Probability of Occurrence of Difference of 0-19 & Contrast with correlation coefficients of 0.9322, -0.5011, 0.6681, -0.4255, -0.4914, 0.5428, and -0.8346 respectively.