# Taking Second-life Batteries from Exhausted to Empowered using Experiments, Data Analysis, and Health Estimation

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.18859 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.18859/

## Key facts

- Cited by 1 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 4 of its 55 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 29 Feb 2024.

## Builds on (most cited first, 4 of 4)

- [On-line Capacity Estimation for Lithium-ion Battery Cells via an Electrochemical Model-based Adaptive Interconnected Observer](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2008.10467/) (2020)
- [Evaluating feasibility of batteries for second-life applications using machine learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.04249/) (2022)
- [Modeling Degradation for Second-life Battery: Preliminary Results](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2102.03715/) (2021)
- [Lite-Sparse Hierarchical Partial Power Processing for Second-Use Battery Energy Storage Systems](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.11749/) (2021)

## Built on by (most cited first, 1 of 1)

- [Experimental Methods, Health Indicators, and Diagnostic Strategies for Retired Lithium-ion Batteries: A Comprehensive Review](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2512.01294/) (2025)

## Abstract (arXiv)

The reuse of retired electric vehicle batteries in grid energy storage offers environmental and economic benefits. This study concentrates on health monitoring algorithms for retired batteries deployed in grid storage. Over 15 months of testing, we collect, analyze, and publicize a dataset of second-life batteries, implementing a cycling protocol simulating grid energy storage load profiles within a 3-4 V voltage window. Four machine-learning-based health estimation models, relying on online-accessible features and initial capacity, are compared, with the selected model achieving a mean absolute percentage error below 2.3% on test data. Additionally, an adaptive online health estimation algorithm is proposed by integrating a clustering-based method, thus limiting estimation errors during online deployment. These results showcase the feasibility of repurposing retired batteries for second-life applications. Based on obtained data and power demand, these second-life batteries exhibit potential for over a decade of grid energy storage use.