# Daisy-TTS: Simulating Wider Spectrum of Emotions via Prosody Embedding Decomposition

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.14523 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.14523/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 16 of its 30 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 22 Feb 2024.

## Builds on (most cited first, 16 of 16)

- [Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2006.11239/) (2020)
- [U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1505.04597/) (2015)
- [FiLM: Visual Reasoning with a General Conditioning Layer](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1709.07871/) (2017)
- [Unsupervised Domain Adaptation by Backpropagation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1409.7495/) (2014)
- [HiFi-GAN: Generative Adversarial Networks for Efficient and High Fidelity Speech Synthesis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.05646/) (2020)
- [Grad-TTS: A Diffusion Probabilistic Model for Text-to-Speech](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2105.06337/) (2021)
- [Glow-TTS: A Generative Flow for Text-to-Speech via Monotonic Alignment Search](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2005.11129/) (2020)
- [Style Tokens: Unsupervised Style Modeling, Control and Transfer in End-to-End Speech Synthesis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1803.09017/) (2018)
- [Towards End-to-End Prosody Transfer for Expressive Speech Synthesis with Tacotron](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1803.09047/) (2018)
- [Seen and Unseen emotional style transfer for voice conversion with a new emotional speech dataset](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.14794/) (2020)
- [Emotional End-to-End Neural Speech Synthesizer](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1711.05447/) (2017)
- [Non-Parallel Sequence-to-Sequence Voice Conversion with Disentangled Linguistic and Speaker Representations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1906.10508/) (2019)
- [EmoMix: Emotion Mixing via Diffusion Models for Emotional Speech Synthesis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.00648/) (2023)
- [Emotion Ratings: How Intensity, Annotation Confidence and Agreements are Entangled](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.01667/) (2021)
- [Daft-Exprt: Cross-Speaker Prosody Transfer on Any Text for Expressive Speech Synthesis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2108.02271/) (2021)
- [Exploring emotional prototypes in a high dimensional TTS latent space](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2105.01891/) (2021)

## Abstract (arXiv)

We often verbally express emotions in a multifaceted manner, they may vary in their intensities and may be expressed not just as a single but as a mixture of emotions. This wide spectrum of emotions is well-studied in the structural model of emotions, which represents variety of emotions as derivative products of primary emotions with varying degrees of intensity. In this paper, we propose an emotional text-to-speech design to simulate a wider spectrum of emotions grounded on the structural model. Our proposed design, Daisy-TTS, incorporates a prosody encoder to learn emotionally-separable prosody embedding as a proxy for emotion. This emotion representation allows the model to simulate: (1) Primary emotions, as learned from the training samples, (2) Secondary emotions, as a mixture of primary emotions, (3) Intensity-level, by scaling the emotion embedding, and (4) Emotions polarity, by negating the emotion embedding. Through a series of perceptual evaluations, Daisy-TTS demonstrated overall higher emotional speech naturalness and emotion perceiveability compared to the baseline.