# LLMs Simulate Big Five Personality Traits: Further Evidence

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.01765 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.01765/

## Key facts

- Cited by 22 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 3 of its 17 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 31 Jan 2024.

## Builds on (most cited first, 3 of 3)

- [Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2307.09288/) (2023)
- [LaMP: When Large Language Models Meet Personalization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.11406/) (2023)
- [LLM-based Medical Assistant Personalization with Short- and Long-Term Memory Coordination](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.11696/) (2023)

## Built on by (most cited first, 22 of 22)

- [Two Tales of Persona in LLMs: A Survey of Role-Playing and Personalization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.01171/) (2024)
- [MALLM: Multi-Agent Large Language Models Framework](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2509.11656/) (2025)
- [Exploring the Impact of Personality Traits on LLM Bias and Toxicity](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.12566/) (2025)
- [Humanizing LLMs: A Survey of Psychological Measurements with Tools, Datasets, and Human-Agent Applications](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.00049/) (2025)
- [Bullying the Machine: How Personas Increase LLM Vulnerability](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.12692/) (2025)
- [How Does Cognitive Bias Affect Large Language Models? A Case Study on the Anchoring Effect in Price Negotiation Simulations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2508.21137/) (2025)
- [A Review of Incorporating Psychological Theories in LLMs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.00003/) (2025)
- [PersonaFuse: A Personality Activation-Driven Framework for Enhancing Human-LLM Interactions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2509.07370/) (2025)
- [PTCBENCH: Benchmarking Contextual Stability of Personality Traits in LLM Systems](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2602.00016/) (2026)
- [Evaluating LLM Safety Across Child Development Stages: A Simulated Agent Approach](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2510.05484/) (2025)
- [Profile-LLM: Dynamic Profile Optimization for Realistic Personality Expression in LLMs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2511.19852/) (2025)
- [Mitigating the Threshold Priming Effect in Large Language Model-Based Relevance Judgments via Personality Infusing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2512.00390/) (2025)
- [Stories of Your Life as Others: A Round-Trip Evaluation of LLM-Generated Life Stories Conditioned on Rich Psychometric Profiles](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.06071/) (2026)
- [Judging with Personality and Confidence: A Study on Personality-Conditioned LLM Relevance Assessment](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2601.01862/) (2026)
- [Interview-Informed Generative Agents for Product Discovery: A Validation Study](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.29890/) (2026)
- [Persona Conditioning as an Assessor-Sensitivity Probe for LLM-Based IR Evaluation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2608.10385/) (2026)
- [Smotrom tvoja pa ander drogoj verden! Resurrecting Dead Pidgin with Generative Models: Russenorsk Case Study](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2506.11065/) (2025)
- [The Narcissus Hypothesis: Descending to the Rung of Illusion](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2509.17999/) (2025)
- [The Company You Keep: How LLMs Respond to Dark Triad Traits](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.04299/) (2026)
- [Psychological Concept Neurons: Can Neural Control Bias Probing and Shift Generation in LLMs?](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.11802/) (2026)
- [Emotional Labor Strategy Preferences in LLM Personas](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.00310/) (2026)
- [AwarenessBench: Assessing Cognitive Capabilities of Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.35409/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

An empirical investigation into the simulation of the Big Five personality traits by large language models (LLMs), namely Llama2, GPT4, and Mixtral, is presented. We analyze the personality traits simulated by these models and their stability. This contributes to the broader understanding of the capabilities of LLMs to simulate personality traits and the respective implications for personalized human-computer interaction.