# Towards Quantum-Safe Federated Learning via Homomorphic Encryption: Learning with Gradients

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.01154 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.01154/

## Key facts

- Cited by 1 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 2 Feb 2024.

## Built on by (most cited first, 1 of 1)

- [AdeptHEQ-FL: Adaptive Homomorphic Encryption for Federated Learning of Hybrid Classical-Quantum Models with Dynamic Layer Sparing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2507.07316/) (2025)

## Abstract (arXiv)

This paper introduces a privacy-preserving distributed learning framework via private-key homomorphic encryption. Thanks to the randomness of the quantization of gradients, our learning with error (LWE) based encryption can eliminate the error terms, thus avoiding the issue of error expansion in conventional LWE-based homomorphic encryption. The proposed system allows a large number of learning participants to engage in neural network-based deep learning collaboratively over an honest-but-curious server, while ensuring the cryptographic security of participants' uploaded gradients.