# Evaluating the Effectiveness of GPT-4 Turbo in Creating Defeaters for Assurance Cases

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.17991 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2401.17991/

## Key facts

- Cited by 6 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 31 Jan 2024.

## Built on by (most cited first, 6 of 6)

- [Large Language Models for Computer-Aided Design: A Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.08137/) (2025)
- [VeraCT Scan: Retrieval-Augmented Fake News Detection with Justifiable Reasoning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.10289/) (2024)
- [CoDefeater: Using LLMs To Find Defeaters in Assurance Cases](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2407.13717/) (2024)
- [An LLM-Integrated Framework for Completion, Management, and Tracing of STPA](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.12043/) (2025)
- [Integrating Large Language Models and Reinforcement Learning for Non-Linear Reasoning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.13501/) (2024)
- [From Safety Documentation to Safety Knowledge Support: An Evidence-Grounded LLM Framework for Medical Devices](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2608.12025/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Assurance cases (ACs) are structured arguments that support the verification of the correct implementation of systems' non-functional requirements, such as safety and security, thereby preventing system failures which could lead to catastrophic outcomes, including loss of lives. ACs facilitate the certification of systems in accordance with industrial standards, for example, DO-178C and ISO 26262. Identifying defeaters arguments that refute these ACs is essential for improving the robustness and confidence in ACs. To automate this task, we introduce a novel method that leverages the capabilities of GPT-4 Turbo, an advanced Large Language Model (LLM) developed by OpenAI, to identify defeaters within ACs formalized using the Eliminative Argumentation (EA) notation. Our initial evaluation gauges the model's proficiency in understanding and generating arguments within this framework. The findings indicate that GPT-4 Turbo excels in EA notation and is capable of generating various types of defeaters.