# LLM-as-a-Coauthor: Can Mixed Human-Written and Machine-Generated Text Be Detected?

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.05952 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2401.05952/

## Key facts

- Cited by 49 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 11 Jan 2024.

## Built on by (most cited first, 30 of 49)

- [MLLM-as-a-Judge: Assessing Multimodal LLM-as-a-Judge with Vision-Language Benchmark](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.04788/) (2024)
- [Preference Leakage: A Contamination Problem in LLM-as-a-judge](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.01534/) (2025)
- [Beemo: Benchmark of Expert-edited Machine-generated Outputs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2411.04032/) (2024)
- [LLM-DetectAIve: a Tool for Fine-Grained Machine-Generated Text Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2408.04284/) (2024)
- [CodeIP: A Grammar-Guided Multi-Bit Watermark for Large Language Models of Code](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.15639/) (2024)
- [Detecting AI-Generated Text: Factors Influencing Detectability with Current Methods](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.15583/) (2024)
- [Almost AI, Almost Human: The Challenge of Detecting AI-Polished Writing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.15666/) (2025)
- [The Impact of Large Language Models in Academia: from Writing to Speaking](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2409.13686/) (2024)
- [Human-LLM Coevolution: Evidence from Academic Writing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.09606/) (2025)
- [HACo-Det: A Study Towards Fine-Grained Machine-Generated Text Detection under Human-AI Coauthoring](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2506.02959/) (2025)
- [GenAI Content Detection Task 1: English and Multilingual Machine-Generated Text Detection: AI vs. Human](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.11012/) (2025)
- [Piecing It All Together: Verifying Multi-Hop Multimodal Claims](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2411.09547/) (2024)
- [Survey on AI-Generated Media Detection: From Non-MLLM to MLLM](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.05240/) (2025)
- [DETree: DEtecting Human-AI Collaborative Texts via Tree-Structured Hierarchical Representation Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2510.17489/) (2025)
- [Frankentext: Stitching random text fragments into long-form narratives](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.18128/) (2025)
- [Decoupling Content and Expression: Two-Dimensional Detection of AI-Generated Text](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.00258/) (2025)
- [FAID: Fine-Grained AI-Generated Text Detection Using Multi-Task Auxiliary and Multi-Level Contrastive Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.14271/) (2025)
- [Limits of LLM Text Detectors in Education](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2508.08096/) (2025)
- [Segmenting Human-LLM Co-authored Text via Change Point Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.03723/) (2026)
- [Wikipedia in the Era of LLMs: Evolution and Risks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.02879/) (2025)
- [DetectRL-X: Towards Reliable Multilingual and Real-World LLM-Generated Text Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.15518/) (2026)
- [Towards Reliable Detection of LLM-Generated Texts: A Comprehensive Evaluation Framework with CUDRT](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.09056/) (2024)
- [HULLMI: Human vs LLM identification with explainability](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2409.04808/) (2024)
- [Unveiling Large Language Models Generated Texts: A Multi-Level Fine-Grained Detection Framework](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.14231/) (2024)
- [GigaCheck: Detecting LLM-generated Content via Object-Centric Span Localization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.23728/) (2024)
- [Investigating Tax Evasion Emergence Using Dual Large Language Model and Deep Reinforcement Learning Powered Agent-based Simulation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.18177/) (2025)
- [Robust and Fine-Grained Detection of AI Generated Texts](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.11952/) (2025)
- [DACTYL: Diverse Adversarial Corpus of Texts Yielded from Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2508.00619/) (2025)
- [CoCoNUTS: Concentrating on Content while Neglecting Uninformative Textual Styles for AI-Generated Peer Review Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2509.04460/) (2025)
- [On the Detectability of LLM-Generated Text: What Exactly Is LLM-Generated Text?](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2510.20810/) (2025)

## Abstract (arXiv)

With the rapid development and widespread application of Large Language Models (LLMs), the use of Machine-Generated Text (MGT) has become increasingly common, bringing with it potential risks, especially in terms of quality and integrity in fields like news, education, and science. Current research mainly focuses on purely MGT detection without adequately addressing mixed scenarios, including AI-revised Human-Written Text (HWT) or human-revised MGT. To tackle this challenge, we define mixtext, a form of mixed text involving both AI and human-generated content. Then, we introduce MixSet, the first dataset dedicated to studying these mixtext scenarios. Leveraging MixSet, we executed comprehensive experiments to assess the efficacy of prevalent MGT detectors in handling mixtext situations, evaluating their performance in terms of effectiveness, robustness, and generalization. Our findings reveal that existing detectors struggle to identify mixtext, particularly in dealing with subtle modifications and style adaptability. This research underscores the urgent need for more fine-grain detectors tailored for mixtext, offering valuable insights for future research. Code and Models are available at https://github.com/Dongping-Chen/MixSet.