# Is it possible to know cosmological fine-tuning?

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.04190 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2401.04190/

## Key facts

- Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 8 Jan 2024.

## Built on by (most cited first, 2 of 2)

- [Statistical learning does not always entail knowledge](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.01963/) (2024)
- [PRIM-cipal components analysis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.15538/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Fine-tuning studies whether some physical parameters, or relevant ratios between them, are located within so-called life-permitting intervals of small probability outside of which carbon-based life would not be possible. Recent developments have found estimates of these probabilities that circumvent previous concerns of measurability and selection bias. However, the question remains if fine-tuning can indeed be known. Using a mathematization of the epistemological concepts of learning and knowledge acquisition, we argue that most examples that have been touted as fine-tuned cannot be formally assessed as such. Nevertheless, fine-tuning can be known when the physical parameter is seen as a random variable and it is supported in the nonnegative real line, provided the size of the life-permitting interval is small in relation to the observed value of the parameter.