# Machine Mindset: An MBTI Exploration of Large Language Models

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.12999 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2312.12999/

## Key facts

- Cited by 10 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 6 of its 8 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 20 Dec 2023.

## Builds on (most cited first, 6 of 6)

- [Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understanding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2009.03300/) (2020)
- [C-Eval: A Multi-Level Multi-Discipline Chinese Evaluation Suite for Foundation Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.08322/) (2023)
- [Instruction Tuning with GPT-4](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.03277/) (2023)
- [Chatlaw: A Multi-Agent Legal Assistant based on a Role-Aligned Mixture-of-Experts Architecture](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.16092/) (2023)
- [Can ChatGPT Assess Human Personalities? A General Evaluation Framework](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.01248/) (2023)
- [Do LLMs Possess a Personality? Making the MBTI Test an Amazing Evaluation for Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2307.16180/) (2023)

## Built on by (most cited first, 10 of 10)

- [BIG5-CHAT: Shaping LLM Personalities Through Training on Human-Grounded Data](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.16491/) (2024)
- [Evaluating Large Language Models with Psychometrics](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.17675/) (2024)
- [The Better Angels of Machine Personality: How Personality Relates to LLM Safety](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2407.12344/) (2024)
- [PERSONA: Dynamic and Compositional Inference-Time Personality Control via Activation Vector Algebra](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2602.15669/) (2026)
- [Bullying the Machine: How Personas Increase LLM Vulnerability](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.12692/) (2025)
- [PsyDI: Towards a Personalized and Progressively In-depth Chatbot for Psychological Measurements](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2408.03337/) (2024)
- [PsyMem: Fine-grained psychological alignment and Explicit Memory Control for Advanced Role-Playing LLMs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.12814/) (2025)
- [Your Language Model Secretly Contains Personality Subnetworks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2602.07164/) (2026)
- [Structured Personality Control and Adaptation for LLM Agents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2601.10025/) (2026)
- [Beyond Refusal Patterns: Safe-Role Internalization for Robust and Generalizable LLM Safety Alignment](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2610.07023/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

We present a novel approach for integrating Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) personality traits into large language models (LLMs), addressing the challenges of personality consistency in personalized AI. Our method, "Machine Mindset," involves a two-phase fine-tuning and Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) to embed MBTI traits into LLMs. This approach ensures that models internalize these traits, offering a stable and consistent personality profile. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our models across various domains, showing alignment between model performance and their respective MBTI traits. The paper highlights significant contributions in the development of personality datasets and a new training methodology for personality integration in LLMs, enhancing the potential for personalized AI applications. We also open-sourced our model and part of the data at urlhttps://github.com/PKU-YuanGroup/Machine-Mindset.