# Stable Score Distillation for High-Quality 3D Generation

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.09305 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2312.09305/

## Key facts

- Cited by 27 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 44 of its 53 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 14 Dec 2023.

## Builds on (most cited first, 30 of 44)

- [Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2006.11239/) (2020)
- [High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Latent Diffusion Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2112.10752/) (2021)
- [Denoising Diffusion Implicit Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.02502/) (2020)
- [Score-Based Generative Modeling through Stochastic Differential Equations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2011.13456/) (2020)
- [Diffusion Models Beat GANs on Image Synthesis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2105.05233/) (2021)
- [Hierarchical Text-Conditional Image Generation with CLIP Latents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.06125/) (2022)
- [Photorealistic Text-to-Image Diffusion Models with Deep Language Understanding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2205.11487/) (2022)
- [3D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Radiance Field Rendering](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.04079/) (2023)
- [Classifier-Free Diffusion Guidance](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2207.12598/) (2022)
- [LAION-5B: An open large-scale dataset for training next generation image-text models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2210.08402/) (2022)
- [Improved Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2102.09672/) (2021)
- [Instant Neural Graphics Primitives with a Multiresolution Hash Encoding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2201.05989/) (2022)
- [GLIDE: Towards Photorealistic Image Generation and Editing with Text-Guided Diffusion Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2112.10741/) (2021)
- [DreamFusion: Text-to-3D using 2D Diffusion](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2209.14988/) (2022)
- [Mip-NeRF: A Multiscale Representation for Anti-Aliasing Neural Radiance Fields](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.13415/) (2021)
- [Objaverse: A Universe of Annotated 3D Objects](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2212.08051/) (2022)
- [Zero-1-to-3: Zero-shot One Image to 3D Object](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.11328/) (2023)
- [Magic3D: High-Resolution Text-to-3D Content Creation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2211.10440/) (2022)
- [ProlificDreamer: High-Fidelity and Diverse Text-to-3D Generation with Variational Score Distillation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.16213/) (2023)
- [Conceptual 12M: Pushing Web-Scale Image-Text Pre-Training To Recognize Long-Tail Visual Concepts](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2102.08981/) (2021)
- [MVDream: Multi-view Diffusion for 3D Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.16512/) (2023)
- [Wonder3D: Single Image to 3D using Cross-Domain Diffusion](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.15008/) (2023)
- [Fantasia3D: Disentangling Geometry and Appearance for High-quality Text-to-3D Content Creation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.13873/) (2023)
- [SyncDreamer: Generating Multiview-consistent Images from a Single-view Image](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.03453/) (2023)
- [Score Jacobian Chaining: Lifting Pretrained 2D Diffusion Models for 3D Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2212.00774/) (2022)
- [Magic123: One Image to High-Quality 3D Object Generation Using Both 2D and 3D Diffusion Priors](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.17843/) (2023)
- [Make-It-3D: High-Fidelity 3D Creation from A Single Image with Diffusion Prior](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.14184/) (2023)
- [Perception Prioritized Training of Diffusion Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.00227/) (2022)
- [LucidDreamer: Towards High-Fidelity Text-to-3D Generation via Interval Score Matching](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2311.11284/) (2023)
- [Parallel WaveNet: Fast High-Fidelity Speech Synthesis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1711.10433/) (2017)

## Built on by (most cited first, 27 of 27)

- [CamI2V: Camera-Controlled Image-to-Video Diffusion Model](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.15957/) (2024)
- [Score Distillation via Reparametrized DDIM](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2405.15891/) (2024)
- [ScaleDreamer: Scalable Text-to-3D Synthesis with Asynchronous Score Distillation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2407.02040/) (2024)
- [Collaborative Control for Geometry-Conditioned PBR Image Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.05919/) (2024)
- [Atlas3D: Physically Constrained Self-Supporting Text-to-3D for Simulation and Fabrication](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2405.18515/) (2024)
- [Text-to-3D Shape Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.13289/) (2024)
- [PhysForge: Generating Physics-Grounded 3D Assets for Interactive Virtual World](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.05163/) (2026)
- [How to Use Diffusion Priors under Sparse Views?](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2412.02225/) (2024)
- [Progressive Rendering Distillation: Adapting Stable Diffusion for Instant Text-to-Mesh Generation without 3D Data](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.21694/) (2025)
- [LiON-LoRA: Rethinking LoRA Fusion to Unify Controllable Spatial and Temporal Generation for Video Diffusion](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2507.05678/) (2025)
- [PlacidDreamer: Advancing Harmony in Text-to-3D Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2407.13976/) (2024)
- [Vision-Language Models as Differentiable Semantic and Spatial Rewards for Text-to-3D Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2509.15772/) (2025)
- [DreamMapping: High-Fidelity Text-to-3D Generation via Variational Distribution Mapping](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2409.05099/) (2024)
- [InstructHumans: Editing Animated 3D Human Textures with Instructions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.04037/) (2024)
- [MicroDreamer: Efficient 3D Generation in ~20 Seconds by Score-based Iterative Reconstruction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.19525/) (2024)
- [Flow Score Distillation for Diverse Text-to-3D Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2405.10988/) (2024)
- [BiMotion: B-spline Motion for Text-guided Dynamic 3D Character Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2602.18873/) (2026)
- [Consistent Story Generation: Unlocking the Potential of Zigzag Sampling](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2506.09612/) (2025)
- [Text-to-3D Generation using Jensen-Shannon Score Distillation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.10660/) (2025)
- [AnchorDS: Anchoring Dynamic Sources for Semantically Consistent Text-to-3D Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2511.11692/) (2025)
- [Towards More Accurate Personalized Image Generation: Addressing Overfitting and Evaluation Bias](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.06632/) (2025)
- [Dive3D: Diverse Distillation-based Text-to-3D Generation via Score Implicit Matching](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2506.13594/) (2025)
- [DreamComposer++: Empowering Diffusion Models with Multi-View Conditions for 3D Content Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2507.02299/) (2025)
- [TriDiff-4D: Fast 4D Generation through Diffusion-based Triplane Re-posing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2511.16662/) (2025)
- [Zero-shot rib design: merging training-free generative prior with topology optimization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.10643/) (2026)
- [Advancing Text-to-3D Generation with Linearized Lookahead Variational Score Distillation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2507.09748/) (2025)
- [Learning 3D Editing without Paired Supervision via Generative Prior Distillation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.04942/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Although Score Distillation Sampling (SDS) has exhibited remarkable performance in conditional 3D content generation, a comprehensive understanding of its formulation is still lacking, hindering the development of 3D generation. In this work, we decompose SDS as a combination of three functional components, namely mode-seeking, mode-disengaging and variance-reducing terms, analyzing the properties of each. We show that problems such as over-smoothness and implausibility result from the intrinsic deficiency of the first two terms and propose a more advanced variance-reducing term than that introduced by SDS. Based on the analysis, we propose a simple yet effective approach named Stable Score Distillation (SSD) which strategically orchestrates each term for high-quality 3D generation and can be readily incorporated to various 3D generation frameworks and 3D representations. Extensive experiments validate the efficacy of our approach, demonstrating its ability to generate high-fidelity 3D content without succumbing to issues such as over-smoothness.