# Federated Learning for 6G: Paradigms, Taxonomy, Recent Advances and Insights

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.04688 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2312.04688/

## Key facts

- Cited by 4 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 140 of its 312 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 7 Dec 2023.

## Builds on (most cited first, 30 of 140)

- [Communication-Efficient Learning of Deep Networks from Decentralized Data](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1602.05629/) (2016)
- [Advances and Open Problems in Federated Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1912.04977/) (2019)
- [Federated Optimization in Heterogeneous Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1812.06127/) (2018)
- [Federated Learning: Challenges, Methods, and Future Directions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1908.07873/) (2019)
- [Federated Learning: Strategies for Improving Communication Efficiency](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1610.05492/) (2016)
- [LEAF: A Benchmark for Federated Settings](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1812.01097/) (2018)
- [Federated Optimization: Distributed Machine Learning for On-Device Intelligence](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1610.02527/) (2016)
- [Towards Personalized Federated Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.00710/) (2021)
- [Adaptive Federated Learning in Resource Constrained Edge Computing Systems](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1804.05271/) (2018)
- [Federated Learning in Mobile Edge Networks: A Comprehensive Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1909.11875/) (2019)
- [A Survey on Federated Learning Systems: Vision, Hype and Reality for Data Privacy and Protection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1907.09693/) (2019)
- [Client Selection for Federated Learning with Heterogeneous Resources in Mobile Edge](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1804.08333/) (2018)
- [FedML: A Research Library and Benchmark for Federated Machine Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2007.13518/) (2020)
- [A Joint Learning and Communications Framework for Federated Learning over Wireless Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1909.07972/) (2019)
- [Federated Learning for Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.07914/) (2021)
- [Communication-Efficient On-Device Machine Learning: Federated Distillation and Augmentation under Non-IID Private Data](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1811.11479/) (2018)
- [An Introduction to Deep Learning for the Physical Layer](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1702.00832/) (2017)
- [Deep Reinforcement Learning framework for Autonomous Driving](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1704.02532/) (2017)
- [Client-Edge-Cloud Hierarchical Federated Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1905.06641/) (2019)
- [Client Selection in Federated Learning: Convergence Analysis and Power-of-Choice Selection Strategies](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.01243/) (2020)
- [Federated Optimization:Distributed Optimization Beyond the Datacenter](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1511.03575/) (2015)
- [A Survey on Distributed Machine Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1912.09789/) (2019)
- [Federated Learning for Smart Healthcare: A Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2111.08834/) (2021)
- [FedHealth: A Federated Transfer Learning Framework for Wearable Healthcare](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1907.09173/) (2019)
- [Energy Efficient Federated Learning Over Wireless Communication Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1911.02417/) (2019)
- [Threats to Federated Learning: A Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2003.02133/) (2020)
- [A Vision of 6G Wireless Systems: Applications, Trends, Technologies, and Open Research Problems](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1902.10265/) (2019)
- [The Roadmap to 6G -- AI Empowered Wireless Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1904.11686/) (2019)
- [On the Convergence of Local Descent Methods in Federated Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1910.14425/) (2019)
- [Federated Learning for Internet of Things: Recent Advances, Taxonomy, and Open Challenges](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2009.13012/) (2020)

## Built on by (most cited first, 4 of 4)

- [A Zero Trust Framework for Realization and Defense Against Generative AI Attacks in Power Grid](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.06388/) (2024)
- [A Green Multi-Attribute Client Selection for Over-The-Air Federated Learning: A Grey-Wolf-Optimizer Approach](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2409.11442/) (2024)
- [FedEMA-Distill: Exponential Moving Average Guided Knowledge Distillation for Robust Federated Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.04422/) (2026)
- [Internet of Everything in the 6G Era: Paradigms, Enablers, Potentials and Future Directions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.25018/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is expected to play an instrumental role in the next generation of wireless systems, such as sixth-generation (6G) mobile network. However, massive data, energy consumption, training complexity, and sensitive data protection in wireless systems are all crucial challenges that must be addressed for training AI models and gathering intelligence and knowledge from distributed devices. Federated Learning (FL) is a recent framework that has emerged as a promising approach for multiple learning agents to build an accurate and robust machine learning models without sharing raw data. By allowing mobile handsets and devices to collaboratively learn a global model without explicit sharing of training data, FL exhibits high privacy and efficient spectrum utilization. While there are a lot of survey papers exploring FL paradigms and usability in 6G privacy, none of them has clearly addressed how FL can be used to improve the protocol stack and wireless operations. The main goal of this survey is to provide a comprehensive overview on FL usability to enhance mobile services and enable smart ecosystems to support novel use-cases. This paper examines the added-value of implementing FL throughout all levels of the protocol stack. Furthermore, it presents important FL applications, addresses hot topics, provides valuable insights and explicits guidance for future research and developments. Our concluding remarks aim to leverage the synergy between FL and future 6G, while highlighting FL's potential to revolutionize wireless industry and sustain the development of cutting-edge mobile services.