# A Survey on Off-chain Networks: Frameworks, Technologies, Solutions and Challenges

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.10298 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2311.10298/

## Key facts

- Cited by 1 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 17 Nov 2023.

## Built on by (most cited first, 1 of 1)

- [On-Chain Decentralized Learning and Cost-Effective Inference for DeFi Attack Mitigation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2510.16024/) (2025)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Blockchain has received increasing attention in academia and industry. However, the increasing transaction volumes and limited on-chain storage underscore scalability as a key challenge hindering the widespread adoption of blockchain. Fortunately, off-chain networks that enable transactions outside the blockchain show promising potential to mitigate the scalability challenge. Off-chain solutions that address blockchain scalability hurdles, such as payment channel networks, facilitate secure and fast off-chain transactions, thus relieving the main chain's strain. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review of key technologies, solutions, and challenges of off-chain networks. First, we introduce the background of off-chain networks encompassing design motivation, framework, overview, and application scenarios. We then review the key issues and technologies associated with off-chain networks. Subsequently, we summarize the mainstream solutions for the corresponding key issues. Finally, we discuss some research challenges and open issues in this area.