# FedPEAT: Convergence of Federated Learning, Parameter-Efficient Fine Tuning, and Emulator Assisted Tuning for Artificial Intelligence Foundation Models with Mobile Edge Computing

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.17491 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.17491/

## Key facts

- Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 36 of its 47 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 26 Oct 2023.

## Builds on (most cited first, 30 of 36)

- [BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1810.04805/) (2018)
- [Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1412.6980/) (2014)
- [Language Models are Few-Shot Learners](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2005.14165/) (2020)
- [Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithms](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1707.06347/) (2017)
- [LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.09685/) (2021)
- [Distilling the Knowledge in a Neural Network](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1503.02531/) (2015)
- [Communication-Efficient Learning of Deep Networks from Decentralized Data](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1602.05629/) (2016)
- [Parameter-Efficient Transfer Learning for NLP](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1902.00751/) (2019)
- [Prefix-Tuning: Optimizing Continuous Prompts for Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2101.00190/) (2021)
- [The Power of Scale for Parameter-Efficient Prompt Tuning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.08691/) (2021)
- [Finetuned Language Models Are Zero-Shot Learners](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2109.01652/) (2021)
- [Deep Compression: Compressing Deep Neural Networks with Pruning, Trained Quantization and Huffman Coding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1510.00149/) (2015)
- [High-Dimensional Continuous Control Using Generalized Advantage Estimation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1506.02438/) (2015)
- [Federated Learning: Strategies for Improving Communication Efficiency](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1610.05492/) (2016)
- [SmoothQuant: Accurate and Efficient Post-Training Quantization for Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2211.10438/) (2022)
- [Few-Shot Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning is Better and Cheaper than In-Context Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2205.05638/) (2022)
- [Towards a Unified View of Parameter-Efficient Transfer Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2110.04366/) (2021)
- [Towards Federated Learning at Scale: System Design](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1902.01046/) (2019)
- [P-Tuning v2: Prompt Tuning Can Be Comparable to Fine-tuning Universally Across Scales and Tasks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2110.07602/) (2021)
- [signSGD: Compressed Optimisation for Non-Convex Problems](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1802.04434/) (2018)
- [Using DeepSpeed and Megatron to Train Megatron-Turing NLG 530B, A Large-Scale Generative Language Model](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2201.11990/) (2022)
- [Learning multiple visual domains with residual adapters](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1705.08045/) (2017)
- [Learning How to Ask: Querying LMs with Mixtures of Soft Prompts](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.06599/) (2021)
- [Towards Building the Federated GPT: Federated Instruction Tuning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.05644/) (2023)
- [The Roadmap to 6G -- AI Empowered Wireless Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1904.11686/) (2019)
- [FederatedScope-LLM: A Comprehensive Package for Fine-tuning Large Language Models in Federated Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.00363/) (2023)
- [PromptFL: Let Federated Participants Cooperatively Learn Prompts Instead of Models -- Federated Learning in Age of Foundation Model](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2208.11625/) (2022)
- [On the Effect of Dropping Layers of Pre-trained Transformer Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2004.03844/) (2020)
- [Accelerating Training of Transformer-Based Language Models with Progressive Layer Dropping](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.13369/) (2020)
- [Action Branching Architectures for Deep Reinforcement Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1711.08946/) (2017)

## Built on by (most cited first, 2 of 2)

- [Federated Large Language Models: Current Progress and Future Directions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2409.15723/) (2024)
- [Distributed LLMs and Multimodal Large Language Models: A Survey on Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.16585/) (2025)

## Abstract (arXiv)

The emergence of foundation models, including language and vision models, has reshaped AI's landscape, offering capabilities across various applications. Deploying and fine-tuning these large models, like GPT-3 and BERT, presents challenges, especially in the current foundation model era. We introduce Emulator-Assisted Tuning (EAT) combined with Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) to form Parameter-Efficient Emulator-Assisted Tuning (PEAT). Further, we expand this into federated learning as Federated PEAT (FedPEAT). FedPEAT uses adapters, emulators, and PEFT for federated model tuning, enhancing model privacy and memory efficiency. Adapters adjust pre-trained models, while emulators give a compact representation of original models, addressing both privacy and efficiency. Adaptable to various neural networks, our approach also uses deep reinforcement learning for hyper-parameter optimization. We tested FedPEAT in a unique scenario with a server participating in collaborative federated tuning, showcasing its potential in tackling foundation model challenges.