# From Chaos to Clarity: Claim Normalization to Empower Fact-Checking

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.14338 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.14338/

## Key facts

- Cited by 17 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 34 of its 64 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 22 Oct 2023.

## Builds on (most cited first, 30 of 34)

- [Language Models are Few-Shot Learners](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2005.14165/) (2020)
- [Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformer](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1910.10683/) (2019)
- [BART: Denoising Sequence-to-Sequence Pre-training for Natural Language Generation, Translation, and Comprehension](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1910.13461/) (2019)
- [BERTScore: Evaluating Text Generation with BERT](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1904.09675/) (2019)
- [Scaling Instruction-Finetuned Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2210.11416/) (2022)
- [Energy and Policy Considerations for Deep Learning in NLP](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1906.02243/) (2019)
- [PEGASUS: Pre-training with Extracted Gap-sentences for Abstractive Summarization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1912.08777/) (2019)
- [Evaluating the Factual Consistency of Abstractive Text Summarization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1910.12840/) (2019)
- [A Neural Attention Model for Abstractive Sentence Summarization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1509.00685/) (2015)
- [FEQA: A Question Answering Evaluation Framework for Faithfulness Assessment in Abstractive Summarization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2005.03754/) (2020)
- [Fact-Checking Complex Claims with Program-Guided Reasoning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.12744/) (2023)
- [Automated Fact-Checking for Assisting Human Fact-Checkers](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.07769/) (2021)
- [Controllable Abstractive Summarization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1711.05217/) (2017)
- [That is a Known Lie: Detecting Previously Fact-Checked Claims](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2005.06058/) (2020)
- [Controlling Output Length in Neural Encoder-Decoders](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1609.09552/) (2016)
- [Fighting the COVID-19 Infodemic: Modeling the Perspective of Journalists, Fact-Checkers, Social Media Platforms, Policy Makers, and the Society](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2005.00033/) (2020)
- [UKP-Athene: Multi-Sentence Textual Entailment for Claim Verification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1809.01479/) (2018)
- [BERT for Evidence Retrieval and Claim Verification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1910.02655/) (2019)
- [Towards Automated Factchecking: Developing an Annotation Schema and Benchmark for Consistent Automated Claim Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1809.08193/) (2018)
- [Falsesum: Generating Document-level NLI Examples for Recognizing Factual Inconsistency in Summarization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2205.06009/) (2022)
- [What is the Essence of a Claim? Cross-Domain Claim Identification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1704.07203/) (2017)
- [IMHO Fine-Tuning Improves Claim Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1905.07000/) (2019)
- [CheckThat! at CLEF 2020: Enabling the Automatic Identification and Verification of Claims in Social Media](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2001.08546/) (2020)
- [Overview of the CLEF--2021 CheckThat! Lab on Detecting Check-Worthy Claims, Previously Fact-Checked Claims, and Fake News](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2109.12987/) (2021)
- [LESA: Linguistic Encapsulation and Semantic Amalgamation Based Generalised Claim Detection from Online Content](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2101.11891/) (2021)
- [NewsClaims: A New Benchmark for Claim Detection from News with Attribute Knowledge](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2112.08544/) (2021)
- [Assisting the Human Fact-Checkers: Detecting All Previously Fact-Checked Claims in a Document](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2109.07410/) (2021)
- [Empowering the Fact-checkers! Automatic Identification of Claim Spans on Twitter](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2210.04710/) (2022)
- [The Role of Context in Detecting Previously Fact-Checked Claims](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.07423/) (2021)
- [Evaluating the Tradeoff Between Abstractiveness and Factuality in Abstractive Summarization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2108.02859/) (2021)

## Built on by (most cited first, 17 of 17)

- [DELL: Generating Reactions and Explanations for LLM-Based Misinformation Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.10426/) (2024)
- [What Does the Bot Say? Opportunities and Risks of Large Language Models in Social Media Bot Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.00371/) (2024)
- [Generative Large Language Models in Automated Fact-Checking: A Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2407.02351/) (2024)
- [The CLEF-2025 CheckThat! Lab: Subjectivity, Fact-Checking, Claim Normalization, and Retrieval](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.14828/) (2025)
- [Document-level Claim Extraction and Decontextualisation for Fact-Checking](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.03239/) (2024)
- [VeriTaS: The First Dynamic Benchmark for Multimodal Automated Fact-Checking](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2601.08611/) (2026)
- [Overview of the CLAIMSCAN-2023: Uncovering Truth in Social Media through Claim Detection and Identification of Claim Spans](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.19267/) (2023)
- [When Claims Evolve: Evaluating and Enhancing the Robustness of Embedding Models Against Misinformation Edits](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.03417/) (2025)
- [A Comparative Study of Translation Bias and Accuracy in Multilingual Large Language Models for Cross-Language Claim Verification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.10303/) (2024)
- [Self-Adaptive Paraphrasing and Preference Learning for Improved Claim Verifiability](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2412.11653/) (2024)
- [CANDY: Benchmarking LLMs' Limitations and Assistive Potential in Chinese Misinformation Fact-Checking](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2509.03957/) (2025)
- [The Psychology of Falsehood: A Human-Centric Survey of Misinformation Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2509.15896/) (2025)
- [DS@GT at CheckThat! 2025: A Simple Retrieval-First, LLM-Backed Framework for Claim Normalization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2508.17402/) (2025)
- [AKCIT-FN at CheckThat! 2025: Switching Fine-Tuned SLMs and LLM Prompting for Multilingual Claim Normalization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2509.11496/) (2025)
- [Reasoning-Guided Claim Normalization for Noisy Multilingual Social Media Posts](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2511.05078/) (2025)
- [BiCon-Gate: Consistency-Gated De-colloquialisation for Dialogue Fact-Checking](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.14389/) (2026)
- [Evidence Triangulation for Multimodal Fact-Checking in the Wild](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2606.31367/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

With the rise of social media, users are exposed to many misleading claims. However, the pervasive noise inherent in these posts presents a challenge in identifying precise and prominent claims that require verification. Extracting the important claims from such posts is arduous and time-consuming, yet it is an underexplored problem. Here, we aim to bridge this gap. We introduce a novel task, Claim Normalization (aka ClaimNorm), which aims to decompose complex and noisy social media posts into more straightforward and understandable forms, termed normalized claims. We propose CACN, a pioneering approach that leverages chain-of-thought and claim check-worthiness estimation, mimicking human reasoning processes, to comprehend intricate claims. Moreover, we capitalize on the in-context learning capabilities of large language models to provide guidance and to improve claim normalization. To evaluate the effectiveness of our proposed model, we meticulously compile a comprehensive real-world dataset, CLAN, comprising more than 6k instances of social media posts alongside their respective normalized claims. Our experiments demonstrate that CACN outperforms several baselines across various evaluation measures. Finally, our rigorous error analysis validates CACN's capabilities and pitfalls.