# OpenLEAF: Open-Domain Interleaved Image-Text Generation and Evaluation

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.07749 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.07749/

## Key facts

- Cited by 16 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 29 of its 40 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 11 Oct 2023.

## Builds on (most cited first, 29 of 29)

- [Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervision](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.00020/) (2021)
- [High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Latent Diffusion Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2112.10752/) (2021)
- [Visual Instruction Tuning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.08485/) (2023)
- [Adding Conditional Control to Text-to-Image Diffusion Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2302.05543/) (2023)
- [SDXL: Improving Latent Diffusion Models for High-Resolution Image Synthesis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2307.01952/) (2023)
- [G-Eval: NLG Evaluation using GPT-4 with Better Human Alignment](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.16634/) (2023)
- [SDEdit: Guided Image Synthesis and Editing with Stochastic Differential Equations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2108.01073/) (2021)
- [HuggingGPT: Solving AI Tasks with ChatGPT and its Friends in Hugging Face](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.17580/) (2023)
- [Training Diffusion Models with Reinforcement Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.13301/) (2023)
- [Can Large Language Models Be an Alternative to Human Evaluations?](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.01937/) (2023)
- [The Dawn of LMMs: Preliminary Explorations with GPT-4V(ision)](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.17421/) (2023)
- [Visual ChatGPT: Talking, Drawing and Editing with Visual Foundation Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.04671/) (2023)
- [DataComp: In search of the next generation of multimodal datasets](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.14108/) (2023)
- [ViperGPT: Visual Inference via Python Execution for Reasoning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.08128/) (2023)
- [MM-REACT: Prompting ChatGPT for Multimodal Reasoning and Action](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.11381/) (2023)
- [Visual Programming: Compositional visual reasoning without training](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2211.11559/) (2022)
- [GPTScore: Evaluate as You Desire](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2302.04166/) (2023)
- [OBELICS: An Open Web-Scale Filtered Dataset of Interleaved Image-Text Documents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.16527/) (2023)
- [DreamLLM: Synergistic Multimodal Comprehension and Creation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.11499/) (2023)
- [Generating Images with Multimodal Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.17216/) (2023)
- [Multimodal Foundation Models: From Specialists to General-Purpose Assistants](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.10020/) (2023)
- [Multimodal C4: An Open, Billion-scale Corpus of Images Interleaved with Text](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.06939/) (2023)
- [Emu: Generative Pretraining in Multimodality](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2307.05222/) (2023)
- [StoryGAN: A Sequential Conditional GAN for Story Visualization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1812.02784/) (2018)
- [Intelligent Grimm -- Open-ended Visual Storytelling via Latent Diffusion Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.00973/) (2023)
- [StoryDALL-E: Adapting Pretrained Text-to-Image Transformers for Story Continuation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2209.06192/) (2022)
- [Synthesizing Coherent Story with Auto-Regressive Latent Diffusion Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2211.10950/) (2022)
- [Integrating Visuospatial, Linguistic and Commonsense Structure into Story Visualization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2110.10834/) (2021)
- [Improving Generation and Evaluation of Visual Stories via Semantic Consistency](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2105.10026/) (2021)

## Built on by (most cited first, 16 of 16)

- [Unified Multimodal Understanding and Generation Models: Advances, Challenges, and Opportunities](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.02567/) (2025)
- [LLMs Meet Multimodal Generation and Editing: A Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2405.19334/) (2024)
- [OpenING: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Judging Open-ended Interleaved Image-Text Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2411.18499/) (2024)
- [A Survey on Multimodal Benchmarks: In the Era of Large AI Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2409.18142/) (2024)
- [CoMM: A Coherent Interleaved Image-Text Dataset for Multimodal Understanding and Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.10462/) (2024)
- [DEsignBench: Exploring and Benchmarking DALL-E 3 for Imagining Visual Design](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.15144/) (2023)
- [Generative AI for Cel-Animation: A Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.06250/) (2025)
- [The Synergy between Data and Multi-Modal Large Language Models: A Survey from Co-Development Perspective](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2407.08583/) (2024)
- [Large Multimodal Model Compression via Efficient Pruning and Distillation at AntGroup](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2312.05795/) (2023)
- [Toward Native Multimodal Modeling: A Roadmap](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.25343/) (2026)
- [Interfacing Foundation Models' Embeddings](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2312.07532/) (2023)
- [RAG-IGBench: Innovative Evaluation for RAG-based Interleaved Generation in Open-domain Question Answering](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2512.05119/) (2025)
- [Pareto LoRA: Mitigating Modality Imbalance in Unified Multimodal Models via Pareto-Optimal Gradient Integration](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2606.17296/) (2026)
- [Spatial Chain-of-Thought: Bridging Understanding and Generation Models for Spatial Reasoning Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2602.11980/) (2026)
- [ATP-Bench: Towards Agentic Tool Planning for MLLM Interleaved Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.29902/) (2026)
- [Self-correction Optimization for Interleaved Multimodal Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2610.10400/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

This work investigates a challenging task named open-domain interleaved image-text generation, which generates interleaved texts and images following an input query. We propose a new interleaved generation framework based on prompting large-language models (LLMs) and pre-trained text-to-image (T2I) models, namely OpenLEAF. In OpenLEAF, the LLM generates textual descriptions, coordinates T2I models, creates visual prompts for generating images, and incorporates global contexts into the T2I models. This global context improves the entity and style consistencies of images in the interleaved generation. For model assessment, we first propose to use large multi-modal models (LMMs) to evaluate the entity and style consistencies of open-domain interleaved image-text sequences. According to the LMM evaluation on our constructed evaluation set, the proposed interleaved generation framework can generate high-quality image-text content for various domains and applications, such as how-to question answering, storytelling, graphical story rewriting, and webpage/poster generation tasks. Moreover, we validate the effectiveness of the proposed LMM evaluation technique with human assessment. We hope our proposed framework, benchmark, and LMM evaluation could help establish the intriguing interleaved image-text generation task.