# Hybrid Arrays: How Many RF Chains Are Required to Prevent Beam Squint?

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.07101 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.07101/

## Key facts

- Cited by 1 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 11 Oct 2023.

## Built on by (most cited first, 1 of 1)

- [Synesthesia of Machines (SoM)-Enhanced Sub-THz ISAC Transmission for Air-Ground Network](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2506.12831/) (2025)

## Abstract (arXiv)

With increasing frequencies, bandwidths, and array apertures, the phenomenon of beam squint arises as a serious impairment to beamforming. Fully digital arrays with true time delay per antenna element are a potential solution, but they require downconversion at each element. This paper shows that hybrid arrays can perform essentially as well as digital arrays once the number of radio-frequency chains exceeds a certain threshold that is far below the number of elements. The result is robust, holding also for suboptimum but highly appealing beamspace architectures.