# AI Regulation in Europe: From the AI Act to Future Regulatory Challenges

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.04072 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.04072/

## Key facts

- Cited by 6 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 9 of its 25 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 6 Oct 2023.

## Builds on (most cited first, 9 of 9)

- [The Rise and Potential of Large Language Model Based Agents: A Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.07864/) (2023)
- [A Watermark for Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2301.10226/) (2023)
- [Jailbreaking ChatGPT via Prompt Engineering: An Empirical Study](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.13860/) (2023)
- [Undetectable Watermarks for Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.09194/) (2023)
- [From ChatGPT to ThreatGPT: Impact of Generative AI in Cybersecurity and Privacy](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2307.00691/) (2023)
- [Agents: An Open-source Framework for Autonomous Language Agents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.07870/) (2023)
- [Regulating ChatGPT and other Large Generative AI Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2302.02337/) (2023)
- [Making AI Less "Thirsty": Uncovering and Addressing the Secret Water Footprint of AI Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.03271/) (2023)
- [The Ethical Need for Watermarks in Machine-Generated Language](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2209.03118/) (2022)

## Built on by (most cited first, 6 of 6)

- [Large Language Model Safety: A Holistic Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2412.17686/) (2024)
- [Will releasing the weights of future large language models grant widespread access to pandemic agents?](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.18233/) (2023)
- [Acceptable Use Policies for Foundation Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2409.09041/) (2024)
- [Quantifying Trust: Financial Risk Management for Trustworthy AI Agents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.03976/) (2026)
- [Generative AI in Depth: A Survey of Recent Advances, Model Variants, and Real-World Applications](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2510.21887/) (2025)
- [Quantifying the Climate Risk of Generative AI: Region-Aware Carbon Accounting with G-TRACE and the AI Sustainability Pyramid](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2511.04776/) (2025)

## Abstract (arXiv)

This chapter provides a comprehensive discussion on AI regulation in the European Union, contrasting it with the more sectoral and self-regulatory approach in the UK. It argues for a hybrid regulatory strategy that combines elements from both philosophies, emphasizing the need for agility and safe harbors to ease compliance. The paper examines the AI Act as a pioneering legislative effort to address the multifaceted challenges posed by AI, asserting that, while the Act is a step in the right direction, it has shortcomings that could hinder the advancement of AI technologies. The paper also anticipates upcoming regulatory challenges, such as the management of toxic content, environmental concerns, and hybrid threats. It advocates for immediate action to create protocols for regulated access to high-performance, potentially open-source AI systems. Although the AI Act is a significant legislative milestone, it needs additional refinement and global collaboration for the effective governance of rapidly evolving AI technologies.