# Procedural Text Mining with Large Language Models

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.03376 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.03376/

## Key facts

- Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 12 of its 23 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 5 Oct 2023.

## Builds on (most cited first, 12 of 12)

- [Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformer](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1910.10683/) (2019)
- [LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2302.13971/) (2023)
- [Finetuned Language Models Are Zero-Shot Learners](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2109.01652/) (2021)
- [Emergent Abilities of Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2206.07682/) (2022)
- [Beyond the Imitation Game: Quantifying and extrapolating the capabilities of language models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2206.04615/) (2022)
- [The Flan Collection: Designing Data and Methods for Effective Instruction Tuning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2301.13688/) (2023)
- [Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.08302/) (2023)
- [Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing via Large Pre-Trained Language Models: A Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2111.01243/) (2021)
- [Head-to-Tail: How Knowledgeable are Large Language Models (LLMs)? A.K.A. Will LLMs Replace Knowledge Graphs?](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.10168/) (2023)
- [Better Call the Plumber: Orchestrating Dynamic Information Extraction Pipelines](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2102.10966/) (2021)
- [Leveraging pre-trained language models for conversational information seeking from text](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.03542/) (2022)
- [Extracting Semantic Process Information from the Natural Language in Event Logs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.11761/) (2021)

## Built on by (most cited first, 2 of 2)

- [Human Evaluation of Procedural Knowledge Graph Extraction from Text with Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2412.03589/) (2024)
- [Mutual Understanding between People and Systems via Neurosymbolic AI and Knowledge Graphs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.11200/) (2025)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Recent advancements in the field of Natural Language Processing, particularly the development of large-scale language models that are pretrained on vast amounts of knowledge, are creating novel opportunities within the realm of Knowledge Engineering. In this paper, we investigate the usage of large language models (LLMs) in both zero-shot and in-context learning settings to tackle the problem of extracting procedures from unstructured PDF text in an incremental question-answering fashion. In particular, we leverage the current state-of-the-art GPT-4 (Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4) model, accompanied by two variations of in-context learning that involve an ontology with definitions of procedures and steps and a limited number of samples of few-shot learning. The findings highlight both the promise of this approach and the value of the in-context learning customisations. These modifications have the potential to significantly address the challenge of obtaining sufficient training data, a hurdle often encountered in deep learning-based Natural Language Processing techniques for procedure extraction.