# Toward One-Second Latency: Evolution of Live Media Streaming

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.03256 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.03256/

## Key facts

- Cited by 3 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 5 Oct 2023.

## Built on by (most cited first, 3 of 3)

- [Self Forcing: Bridging the Train-Test Gap in Autoregressive Video Diffusion](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2506.08009/) (2025)
- [Toward Accessible and Safe Live Streaming Using Distributed Content Filtering with MoQ](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.08990/) (2025)
- [Make a Video Call with LLM: A Measurement Campaign over Six Mainstream Apps](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2510.00481/) (2025)

## Abstract (arXiv)

This survey presents the evolution of live media streaming and the technological developments behind today's IP-based low-latency live streaming systems. Live streaming primarily involves capturing, encoding, packaging and delivering real-time events such as live sports, live news, personal broadcasts and surveillance videos. Live streaming also involves concurrent streaming of linear TV programming off the satellite, cable, over-the-air or IPTV broadcast, where the programming is not necessarily a real-time event. The survey starts with a discussion on the latency and latency continuum in streaming applications. Then, it lays out the existing live streaming workflows and protocols, followed by an in-depth analysis of the latency sources in these workflows and protocols. The survey continues with the technology enablers, low-latency extensions for the popular HTTP adaptive streaming methods and enhancements for robust low-latency playback. An entire section is dedicated to the detailed summary and findings of Twitch's grand challenge on low-latency live streaming. The survey concludes with a discussion of ongoing research problems in this space. We expect this survey to be the one-stop reference for those who would like to learn how low-latency live streaming has evolved and works today, and what further developments could happen in the future.