# Exact and soft boundary conditions in Physics-Informed Neural Networks for the Variable Coefficient Poisson equation

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.02548 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.02548/

## Key facts

- Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 4 of its 8 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 4 Oct 2023.

## Builds on (most cited first, 4 of 4)

- [Physics-informed neural networks with hard constraints for inverse design](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2102.04626/) (2021)
- [Exact imposition of boundary conditions with distance functions in physics-informed deep neural networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.08426/) (2021)
- [Multi-Objective Loss Balancing for Physics-Informed Deep Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2110.09813/) (2021)
- [Learning differentiable solvers for systems with hard constraints](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2207.08675/) (2022)

## Built on by (most cited first, 2 of 2)

- [From PINNs to PIKANs: Recent Advances in Physics-Informed Machine Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.13228/) (2024)
- [Gaussian Process Priors for Boundary Value Problems of Linear Partial Differential Equations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2411.16663/) (2024)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Boundary conditions (BCs) are a key component in every Physics-Informed Neural Network (PINN). By defining the solution to partial differential equations (PDEs) along domain boundaries, BCs constrain the underlying boundary value problem (BVP) that a PINN tries to approximate. Without them, unique PDE solutions may not exist and finding approximations with PINNs would be a challenging, if not impossible task. This study examines how soft loss-based and exact distance function-based BC imposition approaches differ when applied in PINNs. The well known variable coefficient Poisson equation serves as the target PDE for all PINN models trained in this work. Besides comparing BC imposition approaches, the goal of this work is to also provide resources on how to implement these PINNs in practice. To this end, Keras models with Tensorflow backend as well as a Python notebook with code examples and step-by-step explanations on how to build soft/exact BC PINNs are published alongside this review.