# Gateway Station Geographical Planning for Emerging Non-Geostationary Satellites Constellations

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.10581 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.10581/

## Key facts

- Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 19 Sep 2023.

## Built on by (most cited first, 2 of 2)

- [Bridging Earth and Space: A Survey on HAPS for Non-Terrestrial Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2510.19731/) (2025)
- [Free-Placement Optimization of Ground Station Locations for Low-Earth Orbit Satellites](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2606.12667/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Among the recent advances and innovations in satellite communications, Non-Geostationary Orbit (NGSO) satellite constellations are gaining popularity as a viable option for providing widespread broadband internet access and backhauling services. However, a more complex ground segment with multiple ground stations is necessary due to these satellites' high speeds and low altitudes. The complete dimensioning of the ground segment, including gateway optimal placement and the number of ground access points, remains a relevant open challenge. In this article, we provide an overview of the key factors that shall be considered for NGSO gateway station geographical planning. Subsequently, we propose a ground segment dimensioning approach that combines several criteria, such as rain attenuation, elevation angle, visibility, geographical constraints, and user traffic demands. The operational concept is first discussed, followed by a methodology that combines all these constraints into a single map-grid to select the best position for each gateway. Furthermore, a case study is presented, which demonstrates the performance of the proposed methodology, for one example constellation. Finally, we highlight relevant open challenges and key research directions in this area.