# Spoofing attack augmentation: can differently-trained attack models improve generalisation?

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.09586 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.09586/

## Key facts

- Cited by 3 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 18 Sep 2023.

## Built on by (most cited first, 3 of 3)

- [Exploring WavLM Back-ends for Speech Spoofing and Deepfake Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2409.05032/) (2024)
- [Speech Foundation Model Ensembles for the Controlled Singing Voice Deepfake Detection (CtrSVDD) Challenge 2024](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2409.02302/) (2024)
- [DeePen: Penetration Testing for Audio Deepfake Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.20427/) (2025)

## Abstract (arXiv)

A reliable deepfake detector or spoofing countermeasure (CM) should be robust in the face of unpredictable spoofing attacks. To encourage the learning of more generaliseable artefacts, rather than those specific only to known attacks, CMs are usually exposed to a broad variety of different attacks during training. Even so, the performance of deep-learning-based CM solutions are known to vary, sometimes substantially, when they are retrained with different initialisations, hyper-parameters or training data partitions. We show in this paper that the potency of spoofing attacks, also deep-learning-based, can similarly vary according to training conditions, sometimes resulting in substantial degradations to detection performance. Nevertheless, while a RawNet2 CM model is vulnerable when only modest adjustments are made to the attack algorithm, those based upon graph attention networks and self-supervised learning are reassuringly robust. The focus upon training data generated with different attack algorithms might not be sufficient on its own to ensure generaliability; some form of spoofing attack augmentation at the algorithm level can be complementary.