# Strengthening the EU AI Act: Defining Key Terms on AI Manipulation

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.16364 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.16364/

## Key facts

- Cited by 1 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 4 of its 49 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 30 Aug 2023.

## Builds on (most cited first, 4 of 4)

- [The Effects of Reward Misspecification: Mapping and Mitigating Misaligned Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2201.03544/) (2022)
- [Deception Abilities Emerged in Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2307.16513/) (2023)
- [Characterizing Manipulation from AI Systems](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.09387/) (2023)
- [Recognising the importance of preference change: A call for a coordinated multidisciplinary research effort in the age of AI](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.10525/) (2022)

## Built on by (most cited first, 1 of 1)

- [Can LLMs make trade-offs involving stipulated pain and pleasure states?](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2411.02432/) (2024)

## Abstract (arXiv)

The European Union's Artificial Intelligence Act aims to regulate manipulative and harmful uses of AI, but lacks precise definitions for key concepts. This paper provides technical recommendations to improve the Act's conceptual clarity and enforceability. We review psychological models to define "personality traits," arguing the Act should protect full "psychometric profiles." We urge expanding "behavior" to include "preferences" since preferences causally influence and are influenced by behavior. Clear definitions are provided for "subliminal," "manipulative," and "deceptive" techniques, considering incentives, intent, and covertness. We distinguish "exploiting individuals" from "exploiting groups," emphasising different policy needs. An "informed decision" is defined by four facets: comprehension, accurate information, no manipulation, and understanding AI's influence. We caution the Act's therapeutic use exemption given the lack of regulation of digital therapeutics by the EMA. Overall, the recommendations strengthen definitions of vague concepts in the EU AI Act, enhancing precise applicability to regulate harmful AI manipulation.