# YAGO 4.5: A Large and Clean Knowledge Base with a Rich Taxonomy

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.11884 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.11884/

## Key facts

- Cited by 37 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 17 of its 79 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 23 Aug 2023.

## Builds on (most cited first, 17 of 17)

- [Longformer: The Long-Document Transformer](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2004.05150/) (2020)
- [ConceptNet 5.5: An Open Multilingual Graph of General Knowledge](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1612.03975/) (2016)
- [Convolutional 2D Knowledge Graph Embeddings](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1707.01476/) (2017)
- [Temporal Knowledge Graph Reasoning Based on Evolutional Representation Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.10353/) (2021)
- [Machine Knowledge: Creation and Curation of Comprehensive Knowledge Bases](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2009.11564/) (2020)
- [TaxoExpan: Self-supervised Taxonomy Expansion with Position-Enhanced Graph Neural Network](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2001.09522/) (2020)
- [A Study of the Quality of Wikidata](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2107.00156/) (2021)
- [HiExpan: Task-Guided Taxonomy Construction by Hierarchical Tree Expansion](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1910.08194/) (2019)
- [A Survey on Knowledge Graph Embeddings with Literals: Which model links better Literal-ly?](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1910.12507/) (2019)
- [TaxoCom: Topic Taxonomy Completion with Hierarchical Discovery of Novel Topic Clusters](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2201.06771/) (2022)
- [Relational Memory Augmented Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2201.09680/) (2022)
- [Octet: Online Catalog Taxonomy Enrichment with Self-Supervision](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2006.10276/) (2020)
- [TaxoEnrich: Self-Supervised Taxonomy Completion via Structure-Semantic Representations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2202.04887/) (2022)
- [End-to-End Reinforcement Learning for Automatic Taxonomy Induction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1805.04044/) (2018)
- [Incorporating Structured Sentences with Time-enhanced BERT for Fully-inductive Temporal Relation Prediction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.04717/) (2023)
- [TIE: A Framework for Embedding-based Incremental Temporal Knowledge Graph Completion](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.08419/) (2021)
- [Who Should Go First? A Self-Supervised Concept Sorting Model for Improving Taxonomy Expansion](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.03682/) (2021)

## Built on by (most cited first, 30 of 37)

- [A Survey of Graph Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Customized Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.13958/) (2025)
- [Knowledge Graphs, Large Language Models, and Hallucinations: An NLP Perspective](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2411.14258/) (2024)
- [Table Foundation Models: on knowledge pre-training for tabular learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.14415/) (2025)
- [Enabling LLM Knowledge Analysis via Extensive Materialization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2411.04920/) (2024)
- [Diagnosing and Addressing Pitfalls in KG-RAG Datasets: Toward More Reliable Benchmarking](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.23495/) (2025)
- [The Factuality of Large Language Models in the Legal Domain](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2409.11798/) (2024)
- [Tracing and Reversing Edits in LLMs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.20819/) (2025)
- [LELA: an LLM-based Entity Linking Approach with Zero-Shot Domain Adaptation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2601.05192/) (2026)
- [Refining Wikidata Taxonomy using Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2409.04056/) (2024)
- [Dynamic-KGQA: A Scalable Framework for Generating Adaptive Question Answering Datasets](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.05049/) (2025)
- [Neurosymbolic Methods for Dynamic Knowledge Graphs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2409.04572/) (2024)
- [Schema Generation for Large Knowledge Graphs Using Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2506.04512/) (2025)
- [Auditing a KB Elicitation of Frontier LLM Knowledge: A Multi-dimensional Analysis of GPTKB v1.5](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2510.07024/) (2025)
- [Ground-Truth Subgraphs for Better Training and Evaluation of Knowledge Graph Augmented LLMs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2511.04473/) (2025)
- [DeFAb: A Verifiable Benchmark for Defeasible Abduction in Foundation Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2606.18557/) (2026)
- [Knowledge Graph Guided Evaluation of Abstention Techniques](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2412.07430/) (2024)
- [Named Entity Recognition in Historical Italian: The Case of Giacomo Leopardi's Zibaldone](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.20113/) (2025)
- [Learning to Evolve: Bayesian-Guided Continual Knowledge Graph Embedding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2508.02426/) (2025)
- [Enriching Taxonomies Using Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2602.22213/) (2025)
- [Two-dimensional Taxonomy for N-ary Knowledge Representation Learning Methods](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2506.05626/) (2025)
- [SAT-Based Bounded Fitting for the Description Logic ALC](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2507.21752/) (2025)
- [TEGRA: Text Encoding With Graph and Retrieval Augmentation for Misinformation Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2602.11106/) (2026)
- [Return of the Schema: Building Complete Datasets for Machine Learning and Reasoning on Knowledge Graphs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2602.14795/) (2026)
- [LELA: An End-to-end LLM-based Entity Linking Framework with Zero-shot Domain Adaptation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.26956/) (2026)
- [Question Answering Over Spatio-Temporal Knowledge Graph](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.11542/) (2024)
- [RelationalFactQA: A Benchmark for Evaluating Tabular Fact Retrieval from Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.21409/) (2025)
- [Systematic Evaluation of Knowledge Graph Repair with Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2507.22419/) (2025)
- [Retrieval-Constrained Decoding Reveals Underestimated Parametric Knowledge in Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2509.23417/) (2025)
- [DELICATE: Diachronic Entity LInking using Classes And Temporal Evidence](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2511.10404/) (2025)
- [Panning for Gold: Expanding Domain-Specific Knowledge Graphs with General Knowledge](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2601.10485/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Knowledge Bases (KBs) find applications in many knowledge-intensive tasks and, most notably, in information retrieval. Wikidata is one of the largest public general-purpose KBs. Yet, its collaborative nature has led to a convoluted schema and taxonomy. The YAGO 4 KB cleaned up the taxonomy by incorporating the ontology of Schema.org, resulting in a cleaner structure amenable to automated reasoning. However, it also cut away large parts of the Wikidata taxonomy, which is essential for information retrieval. In this paper, we extend YAGO 4 with a large part of the Wikidata taxonomy - while respecting logical constraints and the distinction between classes and instances. This yields YAGO 4.5, a new, logically consistent version of YAGO that adds a rich layer of informative classes. An intrinsic and an extrinsic evaluation show the value of the new resource.