# Artificial Intelligence across Europe: A Study on Awareness, Attitude and Trust

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.09979 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.09979/

## Key facts

- Cited by 9 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 8 of its 85 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 19 Aug 2023.

## Builds on (most cited first, 8 of 8)

- [Formalizing Trust in Artificial Intelligence: Prerequisites, Causes and Goals of Human Trust in AI](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.07487/) (2020)
- [The Ethics of AI Ethics -- An Evaluation of Guidelines](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1903.03425/) (2019)
- [How Different Groups Prioritize Ethical Values for Responsible AI](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2205.07722/) (2022)
- [Long-Term Trends in the Public Perception of Artificial Intelligence](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1609.04904/) (2016)
- [Exciting, Useful, Worrying, Futuristic: Public Perception of Artificial Intelligence in 8 Countries](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2001.00081/) (2019)
- [U.S. Public Opinion on the Governance of Artificial Intelligence](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1912.12835/) (2019)
- [AI-Ethics by Design. Evaluating Public Perception on the Importance of Ethical Design Principles of AI](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.00326/) (2021)
- [On Social Machines for Algorithmic Regulation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1904.13316/) (2019)

## Built on by (most cited first, 9 of 9)

- [The AI Gap: How Socioeconomic Status Affects Language Technology Interactions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.12158/) (2025)
- [Enabling Group Fairness in Graph Unlearning via Bi-level Debiasing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.09702/) (2025)
- [The Hall of AI Fears and Hopes: Comparing the Views of AI Influencers and those of Members of the U.S. Public Through an Interactive Platform](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.06016/) (2025)
- [Generative AI Practices, Literacy, and Divides: An Empirical Analysis in the Italian Context](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2512.03671/) (2025)
- [Tailored Behavior-Change Messaging for Physical Activity: Integrating Contextual Bandits and Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2506.07275/) (2025)
- [AI Literacy, Safety Awareness, and STEM Career Aspirations of Australian Secondary Students: Evaluating the Impact of Workshop Interventions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2601.22486/) (2026)
- [Key Factors Affecting European Reactions to AI in European Full and Flawed Democracies](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2311.09231/) (2023)
- [Heterogeneous Ordinal Structure Learning with Bayesian Nonparametric Complexity Discovery](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.04191/) (2026)
- [Puzzled By ChatGPT? No more! A Jigsaw Puzzle to Promote AI Literacy and Awareness](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.20404/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

This paper presents the results of an extensive study investigating the opinions on Artificial Intelligence (AI) of a sample of 4,006 European citizens from eight distinct countries (France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Spain, and Sweden). The aim of the study is to gain a better understanding of people's views and perceptions within the European context, which is already marked by important policy actions and regulatory processes. To survey the perceptions of the citizens of Europe we design and validate a new questionnaire (PAICE) structured around three dimensions: people's awareness, attitude, and trust. We observe that while awareness is characterized by a low level of self-assessed competency, the attitude toward AI is very positive for more than half of the population. Reflecting upon the collected results, we highlight implicit contradictions and identify trends that may interfere with the creation of an ecosystem of trust and the development of inclusive AI policies. The introduction of rules that ensure legal and ethical standards, along with the activity of high-level educational entities, and the promotion of AI literacy are identified as key factors in supporting a trustworthy AI ecosystem. We make some recommendations for AI governance focused on the European context and conclude with suggestions for future work.