# Deep Fusion Transformer Network with Weighted Vector-Wise Keypoints Voting for Robust 6D Object Pose Estimation

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.05438 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.05438/

## Key facts

- Cited by 16 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 49 of its 68 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 10 Aug 2023.

## Builds on (most cited first, 30 of 49)

- [Attention Is All You Need](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1706.03762/) (2017)
- [Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1512.03385/) (2015)
- [An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scale](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.11929/) (2020)
- [Pyramid Scene Parsing Network](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1612.01105/) (2016)
- [CrossViT: Cross-Attention Multi-Scale Vision Transformer for Image Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.14899/) (2021)
- [PoseCNN: A Convolutional Neural Network for 6D Object Pose Estimation in Cluttered Scenes](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1711.00199/) (2017)
- [Focal Loss for Dense Object Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1708.02002/) (2017)
- [Multi-View 3D Object Detection Network for Autonomous Driving](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1611.07759/) (2016)
- [Deep Hough Voting for 3D Object Detection in Point Clouds](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1904.09664/) (2019)
- [RandLA-Net: Efficient Semantic Segmentation of Large-Scale Point Clouds](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1911.11236/) (2019)
- [PVNet: Pixel-wise Voting Network for 6DoF Pose Estimation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1812.11788/) (2018)
- [DenseFusion: 6D Object Pose Estimation by Iterative Dense Fusion](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1901.04780/) (2019)
- [Joint 3D Proposal Generation and Object Detection from View Aggregation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1712.02294/) (2017)
- [DeepIM: Deep Iterative Matching for 6D Pose Estimation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1804.00175/) (2018)
- [Deep Continuous Fusion for Multi-Sensor 3D Object Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2012.10992/) (2020)
- [BOP: Benchmark for 6D Object Pose Estimation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1808.08319/) (2018)
- [SSD-6D: Making RGB-based 3D detection and 6D pose estimation great again](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1711.10006/) (2017)
- [BB8: A Scalable, Accurate, Robust to Partial Occlusion Method for Predicting the 3D Poses of Challenging Objects without Using Depth](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1703.10896/) (2017)
- [Pix2Pose: Pixel-Wise Coordinate Regression of Objects for 6D Pose Estimation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1908.07433/) (2019)
- [T-LESS: An RGB-D Dataset for 6D Pose Estimation of Texture-less Objects](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1701.05498/) (2017)
- [Real-Time Seamless Single Shot 6D Object Pose Prediction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1711.08848/) (2017)
- [PVN3D: A Deep Point-wise 3D Keypoints Voting Network for 6DoF Pose Estimation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1911.04231/) (2019)
- [DPOD: 6D Pose Object Detector and Refiner](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1902.11020/) (2019)
- [PointFusion: Deep Sensor Fusion for 3D Bounding Box Estimation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1711.10871/) (2017)
- [FFB6D: A Full Flow Bidirectional Fusion Network for 6D Pose Estimation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.02242/) (2021)
- [Learning Canonical Shape Space for Category-Level 6D Object Pose and Size Estimation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2001.09322/) (2020)
- [ZebraPose: Coarse to Fine Surface Encoding for 6DoF Object Pose Estimation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.09418/) (2022)
- [HybridPose: 6D Object Pose Estimation under Hybrid Representations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2001.01869/) (2020)
- [Segmentation-driven 6D Object Pose Estimation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1812.02541/) (2018)
- [Self-supervised 6D Object Pose Estimation for Robot Manipulation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1909.10159/) (2019)

## Built on by (most cited first, 16 of 16)

- [Deep Learning-Based Object Pose Estimation: A Comprehensive Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2405.07801/) (2024)
- [A Survey of Embodied Learning for Object-Centric Robotic Manipulation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2408.11537/) (2024)
- [MatchU: Matching Unseen Objects for 6D Pose Estimation from RGB-D Images](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.01517/) (2024)
- [HiPose: Hierarchical Binary Surface Encoding and Correspondence Pruning for RGB-D 6DoF Object Pose Estimation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2311.12588/) (2023)
- [Scalable Unseen Objects 6-DoF Absolute Pose Estimation with Robotic Integration](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.05578/) (2025)
- [GeoReF: Geometric Alignment Across Shape Variation for Category-level Object Pose Refinement](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.11139/) (2024)
- [GIVEPose: Gradual Intra-class Variation Elimination for RGB-based Category-Level Object Pose Estimation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.15110/) (2025)
- [RDPN6D: Residual-based Dense Point-wise Network for 6Dof Object Pose Estimation Based on RGB-D Images](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2405.08483/) (2024)
- [Pseudo-keypoint RKHS Learning for Self-supervised 6DoF Pose Estimation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2311.09500/) (2023)
- [Unified Category-Level Object Detection and Pose Estimation from RGB Images using 3D Prototypes](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2508.02157/) (2025)
- [Learning Better Keypoints for Multi-Object 6DoF Pose Estimation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.07827/) (2023)
- [KGpose: Keypoint-Graph Driven End-to-End Multi-Object 6D Pose Estimation via Point-Wise Pose Voting](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2407.08909/) (2024)
- [DynOPETs: A Versatile Benchmark for Dynamic Object Pose Estimation and Tracking in Moving Camera Scenarios](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.19625/) (2025)
- [DLTPose: 6DoF Pose Estimation From Accurate Dense Surface Point Estimates](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.07335/) (2025)
- [RCGNet: RGB-based Category-Level 6D Object Pose Estimation with Geometric Guidance](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2508.13623/) (2025)
- [G6D: Geometric Learning-Free RGB-D 6D Pose Solver for Robotic Manipulation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.23566/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

One critical challenge in 6D object pose estimation from a single RGBD image is efficient integration of two different modalities, i.e., color and depth. In this work, we tackle this problem by a novel Deep Fusion Transformer~(DFTr) block that can aggregate cross-modality features for improving pose estimation. Unlike existing fusion methods, the proposed DFTr can better model cross-modality semantic correlation by leveraging their semantic similarity, such that globally enhanced features from different modalities can be better integrated for improved information extraction. Moreover, to further improve robustness and efficiency, we introduce a novel weighted vector-wise voting algorithm that employs a non-iterative global optimization strategy for precise 3D keypoint localization while achieving near real-time inference. Extensive experiments show the effectiveness and strong generalization capability of our proposed 3D keypoint voting algorithm. Results on four widely used benchmarks also demonstrate that our method outperforms the state-of-the-art methods by large margins.