# Analysis and Optimization of Wireless Federated Learning with Data Heterogeneity

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.03521 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.03521/

## Key facts

- Cited by 3 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 25 of its 44 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 4 Aug 2023.

## Builds on (most cited first, 25 of 25)

- [Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1409.1556/) (2014)
- [Communication-Efficient Learning of Deep Networks from Decentralized Data](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1602.05629/) (2016)
- [Federated Learning with Non-IID Data](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1806.00582/) (2018)
- [Tackling the Objective Inconsistency Problem in Heterogeneous Federated Optimization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2007.07481/) (2020)
- [FedBN: Federated Learning on Non-IID Features via Local Batch Normalization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2102.07623/) (2021)
- [Federated Learning with Differential Privacy: Algorithms and Performance Analysis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1911.00222/) (2019)
- [Adaptive Federated Learning in Resource Constrained Edge Computing Systems](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1804.05271/) (2018)
- [HeteroFL: Computation and Communication Efficient Federated Learning for Heterogeneous Clients](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.01264/) (2020)
- [FLTrust: Byzantine-robust Federated Learning via Trust Bootstrapping](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2012.13995/) (2020)
- [A Joint Learning and Communications Framework for Federated Learning over Wireless Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1909.07972/) (2019)
- [Expanding the Reach of Federated Learning by Reducing Client Resource Requirements](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1812.07210/) (2018)
- [Scheduling Policies for Federated Learning in Wireless Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1908.06287/) (2019)
- [Client Selection and Bandwidth Allocation in Wireless Federated Learning Networks: A Long-Term Perspective](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2004.04314/) (2020)
- [Scheduling for Cellular Federated Edge Learning with Importance and Channel Awareness](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2004.00490/) (2020)
- [Blockchain Assisted Decentralized Federated Learning (BLADE-FL): Performance Analysis and Resource Allocation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2101.06905/) (2021)
- [FedKL: Tackling Data Heterogeneity in Federated Reinforcement Learning by Penalizing KL Divergence](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.08125/) (2022)
- [Data Heterogeneity-Robust Federated Learning via Group Client Selection in Industrial IoT](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2202.01512/) (2022)
- [DReS-FL: Dropout-Resilient Secure Federated Learning for Non-IID Clients via Secret Data Sharing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2210.02680/) (2022)
- [Joint Task Offloading and Resource Allocation for Multi-Server Mobile-Edge Computing Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1705.00704/) (2017)
- [Blockchain Assisted Federated Learning over Wireless Channels: Dynamic Resource Allocation and Client Scheduling](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2105.14708/) (2021)
- [Wirelessly Powered Federated Edge Learning: Optimal Tradeoffs Between Convergence and Power Transfer](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2102.12357/) (2021)
- [Towards Efficient and Stable K-Asynchronous Federated Learning with Unbounded Stale Gradients on Non-IID Data](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.01214/) (2022)
- [Compressing Sensor Data for Remote Assistance of Autonomous Vehicles using Deep Generative Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2111.03201/) (2021)
- [Position-Based Interference Elimination for High Mobility OFDM Channel Estimation in Multi-cell Systems](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2003.02698/) (2020)
- [Joint Beamforming Design and Power Splitting Optimization in IRS-Assisted SWIPT NOMA Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2011.14778/) (2020)

## Built on by (most cited first, 3 of 3)

- [Rethinking Resource Management in Edge Learning: A Joint Pre-training and Fine-tuning Design Paradigm](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.00836/) (2024)
- [Hierarchical Federated Learning for Social Network with Mobility](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2509.14938/) (2025)
- [Convergence-Latency-Aware Adaptive Modulation and Resource Allocation in RIS-Assisted Wireless Federated Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2607.19759/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

With the rapid proliferation of smart mobile devices, federated learning (FL) has been widely considered for application in wireless networks for distributed model training. However, data heterogeneity, e.g., non-independently identically distributions and different sizes of training data among clients, poses major challenges to wireless FL. Limited communication resources complicate the implementation of fair scheduling which is required for training on heterogeneous data, and further deteriorate the overall performance. To address this issue, this paper focuses on performance analysis and optimization for wireless FL, considering data heterogeneity, combined with wireless resource allocation. Specifically, we first develop a closed-form expression for an upper bound on the FL loss function, with a particular emphasis on data heterogeneity described by a dataset size vector and a data divergence vector. Then we formulate the loss function minimization problem, under constraints on long-term energy consumption and latency, and jointly optimize client scheduling, resource allocation, and the number of local training epochs (CRE). Next, via the Lyapunov drift technique, we transform the CRE optimization problem into a series of tractable problems. Extensive experiments on real-world datasets demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms other benchmarks in terms of the learning accuracy and energy consumption.