# MESED: A Multi-modal Entity Set Expansion Dataset with Fine-grained Semantic Classes and Hard Negative Entities

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.14878 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2307.14878/

## Key facts

- Cited by 13 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 44 of its 72 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 27 Jul 2023.

## Builds on (most cited first, 30 of 44)

- [Attention Is All You Need](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1706.03762/) (2017)
- [BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1810.04805/) (2018)
- [Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervision](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.00020/) (2021)
- [Language Models are Few-Shot Learners](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2005.14165/) (2020)
- [An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scale](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.11929/) (2020)
- [LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2302.13971/) (2023)
- [Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2201.11903/) (2022)
- [Faster R-CNN: Towards Real-Time Object Detection with Region Proposal Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1506.01497/) (2015)
- [VQA: Visual Question Answering](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1505.00468/) (2015)
- [BEiT: BERT Pre-Training of Image Transformers](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.08254/) (2021)
- [ViLBERT: Pretraining Task-Agnostic Visiolinguistic Representations for Vision-and-Language Tasks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1908.02265/) (2019)
- [Align before Fuse: Vision and Language Representation Learning with Momentum Distillation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2107.07651/) (2021)
- [LXMERT: Learning Cross-Modality Encoder Representations from Transformers](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1908.07490/) (2019)
- [Google's Neural Machine Translation System: Bridging the Gap between Human and Machine Translation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1609.08144/) (2016)
- [VisualBERT: A Simple and Performant Baseline for Vision and Language](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1908.03557/) (2019)
- [VL-BERT: Pre-training of Generic Visual-Linguistic Representations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1908.08530/) (2019)
- [A Corpus for Reasoning About Natural Language Grounded in Photographs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1811.00491/) (2018)
- [VLMo: Unified Vision-Language Pre-Training with Mixture-of-Modality-Experts](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2111.02358/) (2021)
- [12-in-1: Multi-Task Vision and Language Representation Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1912.02315/) (2019)
- [Few-NERD: A Few-Shot Named Entity Recognition Dataset](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2105.07464/) (2021)
- [Are we ready for a new paradigm shift? A Survey on Visual Deep MLP](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2111.04060/) (2021)
- [The Past Mistake is the Future Wisdom: Error-driven Contrastive Probability Optimization for Chinese Spell Checking](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.00991/) (2022)
- [On the (In)Effectiveness of Large Language Models for Chinese Text Correction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2307.09007/) (2023)
- [Multimodal Named Entity Recognition for Short Social Media Posts](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1802.07862/) (2018)
- [WikiDiverse: A Multimodal Entity Linking Dataset with Diversified Contextual Topics and Entity Types](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.06347/) (2022)
- [Learning from the Dictionary: Heterogeneous Knowledge Guided Fine-tuning for Chinese Spell Checking](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2210.10320/) (2022)
- [Contrastive Learning with Hard Negative Entities for Entity Set Expansion](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.07789/) (2022)
- [SetExpan: Corpus-Based Set Expansion via Context Feature Selection and Rank Ensemble](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1910.08192/) (2019)
- [Empower Entity Set Expansion via Language Model Probing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2004.13897/) (2020)
- [Linguistic Rules-Based Corpus Generation for Native Chinese Grammatical Error Correction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2210.10442/) (2022)

## Built on by (most cited first, 13 of 13)

- [LatEval: An Interactive LLMs Evaluation Benchmark with Incomplete Information from Lateral Thinking Puzzles](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.10855/) (2023)
- [Towards Real-World Writing Assistance: A Chinese Character Checking Benchmark with Faked and Misspelled Characters](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2311.11268/) (2023)
- [When LLMs Meet Cunning Texts: A Fallacy Understanding Benchmark for Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.11100/) (2024)
- [DAST: Context-Aware Compression in LLMs via Dynamic Allocation of Soft Tokens](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.11493/) (2025)
- [Refine Knowledge of Large Language Models via Adaptive Contrastive Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.07184/) (2025)
- [ProductAgent: Benchmarking Conversational Product Search Agent with Asking Clarification Questions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2407.00942/) (2024)
- [Cognitive Mismatch in Multimodal Large Language Models for Discrete Symbol Understanding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.18472/) (2026)
- [From Token to Line: Enhancing Code Generation with a Long-Term Perspective](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.07433/) (2025)
- [TangramPuzzle: Evaluating Multimodal Large Language Models with Compositional Spatial Reasoning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2601.16520/) (2026)
- [Exploring the Implicit Semantic Ability of Multimodal Large Language Models: A Pilot Study on Entity Set Expansion](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.00330/) (2024)
- [MDIT: A Model-free Data Interpolation Method for Diverse Instruction Tuning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.07288/) (2025)
- [UltraWiki: Ultra-fine-grained Entity Set Expansion with Negative Seed Entities](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.04247/) (2024)
- [Teaching According to Talents! Instruction Tuning LLMs with Competence-Aware Curriculum Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2509.13790/) (2025)

## Abstract (arXiv)

The Entity Set Expansion (ESE) task aims to expand a handful of seed entities with new entities belonging to the same semantic class. Conventional ESE methods are based on mono-modality (i.e., literal modality), which struggle to deal with complex entities in the real world such as: (1) Negative entities with fine-grained semantic differences. (2) Synonymous entities. (3) Polysemous entities. (4) Long-tailed entities. These challenges prompt us to propose Multi-modal Entity Set Expansion (MESE), where models integrate information from multiple modalities to represent entities. Intuitively, the benefits of multi-modal information for ESE are threefold: (1) Different modalities can provide complementary information. (2) Multi-modal information provides a unified signal via common visual properties for the same semantic class or entity. (3) Multi-modal information offers robust alignment signal for synonymous entities. To assess the performance of model in MESE and facilitate further research, we constructed the MESED dataset which is the first multi-modal dataset for ESE with large-scale and elaborate manual calibration. A powerful multi-modal model MultiExpan is proposed which is pre-trained on four multimodal pre-training tasks. The extensive experiments and analyses on MESED demonstrate the high quality of the dataset and the effectiveness of our MultiExpan, as well as pointing the direction for future research.