# Virtual Mirrors: Non-Line-of-Sight Imaging Beyond the Third Bounce

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.14341 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2307.14341/

## Key facts

- Cited by 3 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 8 of its 51 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 26 Jul 2023.

## Builds on (most cited first, 8 of 8)

- [Virtual Wave Optics for Non-Line-of-Sight Imaging](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1810.07535/) (2018)
- [Non-line-of-sight Imaging](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2005.08026/) (2020)
- [Seeing Around Street Corners: Non-Line-of-Sight Detection and Tracking In-the-Wild Using Doppler Radar](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1912.06613/) (2019)
- [Real-time Non-line-of-Sight imaging of dynamic scenes](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.12737/) (2020)
- [Recent Advances in Imaging Around Corners](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1910.05613/) (2019)
- [Recent Advances in Transient Imaging: A Computer Graphics and Vision Perspective](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1611.00939/) (2016)
- [Differentiable Transient Rendering](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2206.06193/) (2022)
- [Virtual Light Transport Matrices for Non-Line-Of-Sight Imaging](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.12622/) (2021)

## Built on by (most cited first, 3 of 3)

- [Neural Inverse Rendering from Propagating Light](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2506.05347/) (2025)
- [A comprehensive study of time-of-flight non-line-of-sight imaging](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.09548/) (2026)
- [Iterating the Transient Light Transport Matrix for Non-Line-of-Sight Imaging](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2412.10300/) (2024)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Non-line-of-sight (NLOS) imaging methods are capable of reconstructing complex scenes that are not visible to an observer using indirect illumination. However, they assume only third-bounce illumination, so they are currently limited to single-corner configurations, and present limited visibility when imaging surfaces at certain orientations. To reason about and tackle these limitations, we make the key observation that planar diffuse surfaces behave specularly at wavelengths used in the computational wave-based NLOS imaging domain. We call such surfaces virtual mirrors. We leverage this observation to expand the capabilities of NLOS imaging using illumination beyond the third bounce, addressing two problems: imaging single-corner objects at limited visibility angles, and imaging objects hidden behind two corners. To image objects at limited visibility angles, we first analyze the reflections of the known illuminated point on surfaces of the scene as an estimator of the position and orientation of objects with limited visibility. We then image those limited visibility objects by computationally building secondary apertures at other surfaces that observe the target object from a direct visibility perspective. Beyond single-corner NLOS imaging, we exploit the specular behavior of virtual mirrors to image objects hidden behind a second corner by imaging the space behind such virtual mirrors, where the mirror image of objects hidden around two corners is formed. No specular surfaces were involved in the making of this paper.