# Optimization approaches for the design and operation of open-loop shallow geothermal systems

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.11244 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2307.11244/

## Key facts

- Cited by 1 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 20 Jul 2023.

## Built on by (most cited first, 1 of 1)

- [A hybrid analytical-PINN model for subsurface simulation of geothermal heat exchangers in heterogeneous underground](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2607.12271/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

The optimization of open-loop shallow geothermal systems, which includes both design and operational aspects, is an important research area aimed at improving their efficiency and sustainability and the effective management of groundwater as a shallow geothermal resource. This paper investigates various approaches to address optimization problems arising from these research and implementation questions about GWHP systems. The identified optimization approaches are thoroughly analyzed based on criteria such as computational cost and applicability. Moreover, a novel classification scheme is introduced that categorizes the approaches according to the types of groundwater simulation model and the optimization algorithm used. Simulation models are divided into two types: numerical and simplified (analytical or data-driven) models, while optimization algorithms are divided into gradient-based and derivative-free algorithms. Finally, a comprehensive review of existing approaches in the literature is provided, highlighting their strengths and limitations and offering recommendations for both the use of existing approaches and the development of new, improved ones in this field.