# Airway Label Prediction in Video Bronchoscopy: Capturing Temporal Dependencies Utilizing Anatomical Knowledge

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.08318 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2307.08318/

## Key facts

- Cited by 5 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 7 of its 30 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 17 Jul 2023.

## Builds on (most cited first, 7 of 7)

- [Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1512.03385/) (2015)
- [On Calibration of Modern Neural Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1706.04599/) (2017)
- [Searching for MobileNetV3](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1905.02244/) (2019)
- [Autonomous Driving in the Lung using Deep Learning for Localization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1907.08136/) (2019)
- [OffsetNet: Deep Learning for Localization in the Lung using Rendered Images](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1809.05645/) (2018)
- [BronchoPose: an analysis of data and model configuration for vision-based bronchoscopy pose estimation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.11982/) (2022)
- [Weakly Supervised Airway Orifice Segmentation in Video Bronchoscopy](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2208.11468/) (2022)

## Built on by (most cited first, 5 of 5)

- [Harnessing Foundation Models for Robust and Generalizable 6-DOF Bronchoscopy Localization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.24249/) (2025)
- [BronchoGAN: Anatomically consistent and domain-agnostic image-to-image translation for video bronchoscopy](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2507.01387/) (2025)
- [Online Topological Localization for Navigation Assistance in Bronchoscopy](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2510.09144/) (2025)
- [BronchoLumen: Analysis of recent YOLO-based architectures for real-time bronchial orifice detection in video bronchoscopy](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.11748/) (2026)
- [BronchoTop: Bronchoscopy Navigation via RGB-Only Topological Localization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.28328/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Purpose: Navigation guidance is a key requirement for a multitude of lung interventions using video bronchoscopy. State-of-the-art solutions focus on lung biopsies using electromagnetic tracking and intraoperative image registration w.r.t. preoperative CT scans for guidance. The requirement of patient-specific CT scans hampers the utilisation of navigation guidance for other applications such as intensive care units. Methods: This paper addresses navigation guidance solely incorporating bronchosopy video data. In contrast to state-of-the-art approaches we entirely omit the use of electromagnetic tracking and patient-specific CT scans. Guidance is enabled by means of topological bronchoscope localization w.r.t. an interpatient airway model. Particularly, we take maximally advantage of anatomical constraints of airway trees being sequentially traversed. This is realized by incorporating sequences of CNN-based airway likelihoods into a Hidden Markov Model. Results: Our approach is evaluated based on multiple experiments inside a lung phantom model. With the consideration of temporal context and use of anatomical knowledge for regularization, we are able to improve the accuracy up to to 0.98 compared to 0.81 (weighted F1: 0.98 compared to 0.81) for a classification based on individual frames. Conclusion: We combine CNN-based single image classification of airway segments with anatomical constraints and temporal HMM-based inference for the first time. Our approach renders vision-only guidance for bronchoscopy interventions in the absence of electromagnetic tracking and patient-specific CT scans possible.