# PseudoCell: Hard Negative Mining as Pseudo Labeling for Deep Learning-Based Centroblast Cell Detection

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.03211 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2307.03211/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 7 of its 36 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 6 Jul 2023.

## Builds on (most cited first, 7 of 7)

- [U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1505.04597/) (2015)
- [Going Deeper with Convolutions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1409.4842/) (2014)
- [Training Region-based Object Detectors with Online Hard Example Mining](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1604.03540/) (2016)
- [HoVer-Net: Simultaneous Segmentation and Classification of Nuclei in Multi-Tissue Histology Images](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1812.06499/) (2018)
- [Detecting Cancer Metastases on Gigapixel Pathology Images](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1703.02442/) (2017)
- [The importance of stain normalization in colorectal tissue classification with convolutional networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1702.05931/) (2017)
- [DLBCL-Morph: Morphological features computed using deep learning for an annotated digital DLBCL image set](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2009.08123/) (2020)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Patch classification models based on deep learning have been utilized in whole-slide images (WSI) of H&E-stained tissue samples to assist pathologists in grading follicular lymphoma patients. However, these approaches still require pathologists to manually identify centroblast cells and provide refined labels for optimal performance. To address this, we propose PseudoCell, an object detection framework to automate centroblast detection in WSI (source code is available at https://github.com/IoBT-VISTEC/PseudoCell.git). This framework incorporates centroblast labels from pathologists and combines them with pseudo-negative labels obtained from undersampled false-positive predictions using the cell's morphological features. By employing PseudoCell, pathologists' workload can be reduced as it accurately narrows down the areas requiring their attention during examining tissue. Depending on the confidence threshold, PseudoCell can eliminate 58.18-99.35% of non-centroblasts tissue areas on WSI. This study presents a practical centroblast prescreening method that does not require pathologists' refined labels for improvement. Detailed guidance on the practical implementation of PseudoCell is provided in the discussion section.