# Split Learning in 6G Edge Networks

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.12194 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.12194/

## Key facts

- Cited by 68 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 9 of its 20 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 21 Jun 2023.

## Builds on (most cited first, 9 of 9)

- [Communication-Efficient Learning of Deep Networks from Decentralized Data](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1602.05629/) (2016)
- [Split learning for health: Distributed deep learning without sharing raw patient data](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1812.00564/) (2018)
- [SplitFed: When Federated Learning Meets Split Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2004.12088/) (2020)
- [Efficient Parallel Split Learning over Resource-constrained Wireless Edge Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.15991/) (2023)
- [Split Learning over Wireless Networks: Parallel Design and Resource Management](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.08119/) (2022)
- [Communication-Computation Trade-Off in Resource-Constrained Edge Inference](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2006.02166/) (2020)
- [A Bargaining Game for Personalized, Energy Efficient Split Learning over Wireless Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2212.06107/) (2022)
- [Splitfed learning without client-side synchronization: Analyzing client-side split network portion size to overall performance](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2109.09246/) (2021)
- [C3-SL: Circular Convolution-Based Batch-Wise Compression for Communication-Efficient Split Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2207.12397/) (2022)

## Built on by (most cited first, 30 of 68)

- [Mobile Edge Intelligence for Large Language Models: A Contemporary Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2407.18921/) (2024)
- [Pushing Large Language Models to the 6G Edge: Vision, Challenges, and Opportunities](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.16739/) (2023)
- [AdaptSFL: Adaptive Split Federated Learning in Resource-constrained Edge Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.13101/) (2024)
- [SplitLoRA: A Split Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning Framework for Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2407.00952/) (2024)
- [Automated Federated Pipeline for Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning of Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.06448/) (2024)
- [FedSN: A Federated Learning Framework over Heterogeneous LEO Satellite Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2311.01483/) (2023)
- [Hierarchical Split Federated Learning: Convergence Analysis and System Optimization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2412.07197/) (2024)
- [Optimal Resource Allocation for U-Shaped Parallel Split Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.08896/) (2023)
- [HSplitLoRA: A Heterogeneous Split Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning Framework for Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.02795/) (2025)
- [FedAC: An Adaptive Clustered Federated Learning Framework for Heterogeneous Data](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.16460/) (2024)
- [AgentsCoMerge: Large Language Model Empowered Collaborative Decision Making for Ramp Merging](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2408.03624/) (2024)
- [LEO-Split: A Semi-Supervised Split Learning Framework over LEO Satellite Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.01293/) (2025)
- [SatFed: A Resource-Efficient LEO Satellite-Assisted Heterogeneous Federated Learning Framework](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2409.13503/) (2024)
- [IC3M: In-Car Multimodal Multi-object Monitoring for Abnormal Status of Both Driver and Passengers](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.02592/) (2024)
- [Secure On-Device Video OOD Detection Without Backpropagation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.06166/) (2025)
- [SATSense: Multi-Satellite Collaborative Framework for Spectrum Sensing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2405.15542/) (2024)
- [Edge-Cloud Collaborative Computing on Distributed Intelligence and Model Optimization: A Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.01821/) (2025)
- [CP-Guard: Malicious Agent Detection and Defense in Collaborative Bird's Eye View Perception](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2412.12000/) (2024)
- [TrimCaching: Parameter-sharing AI Model Caching in Wireless Edge Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2405.03990/) (2024)
- [Adaptive Layer Splitting for Wireless LLM Inference in Edge Computing: A Model-Based Reinforcement Learning Approach](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.02616/) (2024)
- [Dynamic Uncertainty-aware Multimodal Fusion for Outdoor Health Monitoring](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2508.09085/) (2025)
- [A Middle Path for On-Premises LLM Deployment: Preserving Privacy Without Sacrificing Model Confidentiality](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.11182/) (2024)
- [LLM-Driven Stationarity-Aware Expert Demonstrations for Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning in Mobile Systems](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2511.19368/) (2025)
- [An Efficient Privacy-aware Split Learning Framework for Satellite Communications](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2409.08538/) (2024)
- [Model Partition and Resource Allocation for Split Learning in Vehicular Edge Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2411.06773/) (2024)
- [Rethinking Membership Inference Attacks Against Transfer Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.11577/) (2025)
- [Revisiting Outage for Edge Inference Systems](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.03686/) (2025)
- [Resource Management for Low-latency Cooperative Fine-tuning of Foundation Models at the Network Edge](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2407.09873/) (2024)
- [PartialLoading: User Scheduling and Bandwidth Allocation for Parameter-sharing Edge Inference](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.22982/) (2025)
- [Satellite Edge Artificial Intelligence with Large Models: Architectures and Technologies](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.01676/) (2025)

## Abstract (arXiv)

With the proliferation of distributed edge computing resources, the 6G mobile network will evolve into a network for connected intelligence. Along this line, the proposal to incorporate federated learning into the mobile edge has gained considerable interest in recent years. However, the deployment of federated learning faces substantial challenges as massive resource-limited IoT devices can hardly support on-device model training. This leads to the emergence of split learning (SL) which enables servers to handle the major training workload while still enhancing data privacy. In this article, we offer a brief overview of key advancements in SL and articulate its seamless integration with wireless edge networks. We begin by illustrating the tailored 6G architecture to support edge SL. Then, we examine the critical design issues for edge SL, including innovative resource-efficient learning frameworks and resource management strategies under a single edge server. Additionally, we expand the scope to multi-edge scenarios, exploring multi-edge collaboration and mobility management from a networking perspective. Finally, we discuss open problems for edge SL, including convergence analysis, asynchronous SL and U-shaped SL.