# Deep Learning Framework with Multi-Head Dilated Encoders for Enhanced Segmentation of Cervical Cancer on Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.11137 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.11137/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 12 of its 52 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 19 Jun 2023.

## Builds on (most cited first, 12 of 12)

- [An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scale](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.11929/) (2020)
- [U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1505.04597/) (2015)
- [Grad-CAM: Visual Explanations from Deep Networks via Gradient-based Localization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1610.02391/) (2016)
- [DeepLab: Semantic Image Segmentation with Deep Convolutional Nets, Atrous Convolution, and Fully Connected CRFs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1606.00915/) (2016)
- [Encoder-Decoder with Atrous Separable Convolution for Semantic Image Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1802.02611/) (2018)
- [UNet++: Redesigning Skip Connections to Exploit Multiscale Features in Image Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1912.05074/) (2019)
- [MONAI: An open-source framework for deep learning in healthcare](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2211.02701/) (2022)
- [Mixed Transformer U-Net For Medical Image Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2111.04734/) (2021)
- [MDU-Net: Multi-scale Densely Connected U-Net for biomedical image segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1812.00352/) (2018)
- [R2U++: A Multiscale Recurrent Residual U-Net with Dense Skip Connections for Medical Image Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2206.01793/) (2022)
- [A Transformer-based Generative Adversarial Network for Brain Tumor Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2207.14134/) (2022)
- [Colorectal Cancer Segmentation using Atrous Convolution and Residual Enhanced UNet](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.09289/) (2021)

## Abstract (arXiv)

T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) are essential components for cervical cancer diagnosis. However, combining these channels for training deep learning models are challenging due to misalignment of images. Here, we propose a novel multi-head framework that uses dilated convolutions and shared residual connections for separate encoding of multiparametric MRI images. We employ a residual U-Net model as a baseline, and perform a series of architectural experiments to evaluate the tumor segmentation performance based on multiparametric input channels and feature encoding configurations. All experiments were performed using a cohort including 207 patients with locally advanced cervical cancer. Our proposed multi-head model using separate dilated encoding for T2W MRI, and combined b1000 DWI and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) images achieved the best median Dice coefficient similarity (DSC) score, 0.823 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.595-0.797), outperforming the conventional multi-channel model, DSC 0.788 (95% CI, 0.568-0.776), although the difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). We investigated channel sensitivity using 3D GRAD-CAM and channel dropout, and highlighted the critical importance of T2W and ADC channels for accurate tumor segmentations. However, our results showed that b1000 DWI had a minor impact on overall segmentation performance. We demonstrated that the use of separate dilated feature extractors and independent contextual learning improved the model's ability to reduce the boundary effects and distortion of DWI, leading to improved segmentation performance. Our findings can have significant implications for the development of robust and generalizable models that can extend to other multi-modal segmentation applications.