# Comparison of L2 Korean pronunciation error patterns from five L1 backgrounds by using automatic phonetic transcription

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.10821 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.10821/

## Key facts

- Cited by 1 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 4 of its 30 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 19 Jun 2023.

## Builds on (most cited first, 4 of 4)

- [XLS-R: Self-supervised Cross-lingual Speech Representation Learning at Scale](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2111.09296/) (2021)
- [3M: An Effective Multi-view, Multi-granularity, and Multi-aspect Modeling Approach to English Pronunciation Assessment](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2208.09110/) (2022)
- [Improving Mispronunciation Detection with Wav2vec2-based Momentum Pseudo-Labeling for Accentedness and Intelligibility Assessment](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.15937/) (2022)
- [Distilling a Pretrained Language Model to a Multilingual ASR Model](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2206.12638/) (2022)

## Built on by (most cited first, 1 of 1)

- [Leveraging Allophony in Self-Supervised Speech Models for Atypical Pronunciation Assessment](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.07029/) (2025)

## Abstract (arXiv)

This paper presents a large-scale analysis of L2 Korean pronunciation error patterns from five different language backgrounds, Chinese, Vietnamese, Japanese, Thai, and English, by using automatic phonetic transcription. For the analysis, confusion matrices are generated for each L1, by aligning canonical phone sequences and automatically transcribed phone sequences obtained from fine-tuned Wav2Vec2 XLS-R phone recognizer. Each value in the confusion matrices is compared to capture frequent common error patterns and to specify patterns unique to a certain language background. Using the Foreign Speakers' Voice Data of Korean for Artificial Intelligence Learning dataset, common error pattern types are found to be (1) substitutions of aspirated or tense consonants with plain consonants, (2) deletions of syllable-final consonants, and (3) substitutions of diphthongs with monophthongs. On the other hand, thirty-nine patterns including (1) syllable-final /l/ substitutions with /n/ for Vietnamese and (2) /textturnm/ insertions for Japanese are discovered as language-dependent.