# Vehicle Occurrence-based Parking Space Detection

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.09940 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.09940/

## Key facts

- Cited by 4 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 7 of its 27 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 16 Jun 2023.

## Builds on (most cited first, 7 of 7)

- [Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1512.03385/) (2015)
- [Faster R-CNN: Towards Real-Time Object Detection with Region Proposal Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1506.01497/) (2015)
- [Mask R-CNN](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1703.06870/) (2017)
- [SGDR: Stochastic Gradient Descent with Warm Restarts](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1608.03983/) (2016)
- [A ConvNet for the 2020s](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2201.03545/) (2022)
- [Cascade R-CNN: Delving into High Quality Object Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1712.00726/) (2017)
- [A Systematic Review on Computer Vision-Based Parking Lot Management Applied on Public Datasets](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.06463/) (2022)

## Built on by (most cited first, 4 of 4)

- [Deep Single Models vs. Ensembles: Insights for a Fast Deployment of Parking Monitoring Systems](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.16495/) (2023)
- [Using Deep Neural Networks to Quantify Parking Dwell Time](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2411.00158/) (2024)
- [Smart Camera Parking System With Auto Parking Spot Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2407.05469/) (2024)
- [An Ensemble-Based Self-Taught Learning Approach for Parking Space Classification Under Limited Data](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.03258/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Smart-parking solutions use sensors, cameras, and data analysis to improve parking efficiency and reduce traffic congestion. Computer vision-based methods have been used extensively in recent years to tackle the problem of parking lot management, but most of the works assume that the parking spots are manually labeled, impacting the cost and feasibility of deployment. To fill this gap, this work presents an automatic parking space detection method, which receives a sequence of images of a parking lot and returns a list of coordinates identifying the detected parking spaces. The proposed method employs instance segmentation to identify cars and, using vehicle occurrence, generate a heat map of parking spaces. The results using twelve different subsets from the PKLot and CNRPark-EXT parking lot datasets show that the method achieved an AP25 score up to 95.60% and AP50 score up to 79.90%.