# OpenSR: Open-Modality Speech Recognition via Maintaining Multi-Modality Alignment

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.06410 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.06410/

## Key facts

- Cited by 8 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 25 of its 37 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 10 Jun 2023.

## Builds on (most cited first, 25 of 25)

- [BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1810.04805/) (2018)
- [Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervision](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.00020/) (2021)
- [VoxCeleb2: Deep Speaker Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1806.05622/) (2018)
- [MUSAN: A Music, Speech, and Noise Corpus](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1510.08484/) (2015)
- [Make-An-Audio: Text-To-Audio Generation with Prompt-Enhanced Diffusion Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2301.12661/) (2023)
- [Deep Audio-Visual Speech Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1809.02108/) (2018)
- [LRS3-TED: a large-scale dataset for visual speech recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1809.00496/) (2018)
- [Learning Audio-Visual Speech Representation by Masked Multimodal Cluster Prediction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2201.02184/) (2022)
- [AudioGPT: Understanding and Generating Speech, Music, Sound, and Talking Head](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.12995/) (2023)
- [Lip Reading Sentences in the Wild](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1611.05358/) (2016)
- [Visual Speech Recognition for Multiple Languages in the Wild](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2202.13084/) (2022)
- [ASR is all you need: cross-modal distillation for lip reading](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1911.12747/) (2019)
- [LipNet: End-to-End Sentence-level Lipreading](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1611.01599/) (2016)
- [Recurrent Neural Network Transducer for Audio-Visual Speech Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1911.04890/) (2019)
- [Audio-Visual Speech Recognition With A Hybrid CTC/Attention Architecture](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1810.00108/) (2018)
- [Sub-word Level Lip Reading With Visual Attention](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2110.07603/) (2021)
- [Multi-Singer: Fast Multi-Singer Singing Voice Vocoder With A Large-Scale Corpus](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2112.10358/) (2021)
- [LiRA: Learning Visual Speech Representations from Audio through Self-supervision](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.09171/) (2021)
- [Hearing Lips: Improving Lip Reading by Distilling Speech Recognizers](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1911.11502/) (2019)
- [Distinguishing Homophenes Using Multi-Head Visual-Audio Memory for Lip Reading](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.01725/) (2022)
- [Audio-visual Recognition of Overlapped speech for the LRS2 dataset](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2001.01656/) (2020)
- [SimulSLT: End-to-End Simultaneous Sign Language Translation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2112.04228/) (2021)
- [GenerSpeech: Towards Style Transfer for Generalizable Out-Of-Domain Text-to-Speech](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2205.07211/) (2022)
- [MixSpeech: Cross-Modality Self-Learning with Audio-Visual Stream Mixup for Visual Speech Translation and Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.05309/) (2023)
- [VarietySound: Timbre-Controllable Video to Sound Generation via Unsupervised Information Disentanglement](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2211.10666/) (2022)

## Built on by (most cited first, 8 of 8)

- [MMS-LLaMA: Efficient LLM-based Audio-Visual Speech Recognition with Minimal Multimodal Speech Tokens](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.11315/) (2025)
- [AV2AV: Direct Audio-Visual Speech to Audio-Visual Speech Translation with Unified Audio-Visual Speech Representation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2312.02512/) (2023)
- [TransFace: Unit-Based Audio-Visual Speech Synthesizer for Talking Head Translation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2312.15197/) (2023)
- [Language Model is a Branch Predictor for Simultaneous Machine Translation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2312.14488/) (2023)
- [Landmark-guided Diffusion Model for High-fidelity and Temporally Coherent Talking Head Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2408.01732/) (2024)
- [DALR: Dual-level Alignment Learning for Multimodal Sentence Representation Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2506.21096/) (2025)
- [Gesture-Aware Zero-Shot Speech Recognition for Patients with Language Disorders](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.13983/) (2025)
- [MARS-Sep: Multimodal-Aligned Reinforced Sound Separation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2510.10509/) (2025)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Speech Recognition builds a bridge between the multimedia streaming (audio-only, visual-only or audio-visual) and the corresponding text transcription. However, when training the specific model of new domain, it often gets stuck in the lack of new-domain utterances, especially the labeled visual utterances. To break through this restriction, we attempt to achieve zero-shot modality transfer by maintaining the multi-modality alignment in phoneme space learned with unlabeled multimedia utterances in the high resource domain during the pre-training citeshi2022learning, and propose a training system Open-modality Speech Recognition (OpenSR) that enables the models trained on a single modality (e.g., audio-only) applicable to more modalities (e.g., visual-only and audio-visual). Furthermore, we employ a cluster-based prompt tuning strategy to handle the domain shift for the scenarios with only common words in the new domain utterances. We demonstrate that OpenSR enables modality transfer from one to any in three different settings (zero-, few- and full-shot), and achieves highly competitive zero-shot performance compared to the existing few-shot and full-shot lip-reading methods. To the best of our knowledge, OpenSR achieves the state-of-the-art performance of word error rate in LRS2 on audio-visual speech recognition and lip-reading with 2.7% and 25.0%, respectively. The code and demo are available at https://github.com/Exgc/OpenSR.