# A Qualitative Analysis of Common Practices in Annotations: A Taxonomy and Design Space

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.06043 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.06043/

## Key facts

- Cited by 4 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 9 Jun 2023.

## Built on by (most cited first, 4 of 4)

- [ChartMark: A Structured Grammar for Chart Annotation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2507.21810/) (2025)
- [ClimateSOM: A Visual Analysis Workflow for Climate Ensemble Datasets](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2508.06732/) (2025)
- [AnnoBench: A Benchmark for Visualization Annotation Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2607.25911/) (2026)
- [ChartAnno: Benchmarking Multimodal Large Language Models for Chart Annotation Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2608.03464/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Annotations play a vital role in highlighting critical aspects of visualizations, aiding in data externalization and exploration, collaborative sensemaking, and visual storytelling. However, despite their widespread use, we identified a lack of a design space for common practices for annotations. In this paper, we evaluated over 1,800 static annotated charts to understand how people annotate visualizations in practice. Through qualitative coding of these diverse real-world annotated charts, we explored three primary aspects of annotation usage patterns: analytic purposes for chart annotations (e.g., present, identify, summarize, or compare data features), mechanisms for chart annotations (e.g., types and combinations of annotations used, frequency of different annotation types across chart types, etc.), and the data source used to generate the annotations. We then synthesized our findings into a design space of annotations, highlighting key design choices for chart annotations. We presented three case studies illustrating our design space as a practical framework for chart annotations to enhance the communication of visualization insights. All supplemental materials are available at {https://shorturl.at/bAGM1}.