# FlairNLP at SemEval-2023 Task 6b: Extraction of Legal Named Entities from Legal Texts using Contextual String Embeddings

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.02182 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.02182/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 7 of its 16 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 3 Jun 2023.

## Builds on (most cited first, 7 of 7)

- [BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1810.04805/) (2018)
- [LEGAL-BERT: The Muppets straight out of Law School](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.02559/) (2020)
- [ILDC for CJPE: Indian Legal Documents Corpus for Court Judgment Prediction and Explanation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2105.13562/) (2021)
- [Exploring Transformers in Natural Language Generation: GPT, BERT, and XLNet](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2102.08036/) (2021)
- [Named Entity Recognition in Indian court judgments](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2211.03442/) (2022)
- [Corpus for Automatic Structuring of Legal Documents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2201.13125/) (2022)
- [LeSICiN: A Heterogeneous Graph-based Approach for Automatic Legal Statute Identification from Indian Legal Documents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2112.14731/) (2021)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Indian court legal texts and processes are essential towards the integrity of the judicial system and towards maintaining the social and political order of the nation. Due to the increase in number of pending court cases, there is an urgent need to develop tools to automate many of the legal processes with the knowledge of artificial intelligence. In this paper, we employ knowledge extraction techniques, specially the named entity extraction of legal entities within court case judgements. We evaluate several state of the art architectures in the realm of sequence labeling using models trained on a curated dataset of legal texts. We observe that a Bi-LSTM model trained on Flair Embeddings achieves the best results, and we also publish the BIO formatted dataset as part of this paper.