# Conflicts, Villains, Resolutions: Towards models of Narrative Media Framing

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.02052 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.02052/

## Key facts

- Cited by 14 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 20 of its 63 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 3 Jun 2023.

## Builds on (most cited first, 20 of 20)

- [BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1810.04805/) (2018)
- [Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1908.10084/) (2019)
- [Longformer: The Long-Document Transformer](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2004.05150/) (2020)
- [MixMatch: A Holistic Approach to Semi-Supervised Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1905.02249/) (2019)
- [The 'Problem' of Human Label Variation: On Ground Truth in Data, Modeling and Evaluation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2211.02570/) (2022)
- [The Moral Integrity Corpus: A Benchmark for Ethical Dialogue Systems](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.03021/) (2022)
- [Moving Down the Long Tail of Word Sense Disambiguation with Gloss-Informed Biencoders](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2005.02590/) (2020)
- [Detecting Stance in Media on Global Warming](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.15149/) (2020)
- [Framing and Agenda-setting in Russian News: a Computational Analysis of Intricate Political Strategies](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1808.09386/) (2018)
- [Modeling Framing in Immigration Discourse on Social Media](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.06443/) (2021)
- [Inducing Positive Perspectives with Text Reframing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.02952/) (2022)
- [NELA-GT-2020: A Large Multi-Labelled News Dataset for The Study of Misinformation in News Articles](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2102.04567/) (2021)
- [NeuS: Neutral Multi-News Summarization for Mitigating Framing Bias](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.04902/) (2022)
- [Snippext: Semi-supervised Opinion Mining with Augmented Data](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2002.03049/) (2020)
- [Neural Discourse Structure for Text Categorization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1702.01829/) (2017)
- [Sampling the News Producers: A Large News and Feature Data Set for the Study of the Complex Media Landscape](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1803.10124/) (2018)
- [NELA-GT-2019: A Large Multi-Labelled News Dataset for The Study of Misinformation in News Articles](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2003.08444/) (2020)
- [Text-based inference of moral sentiment change](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2001.07209/) (2020)
- [Issue Framing in Online Discussion Fora](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1904.03969/) (2019)
- [Framing Unpacked: A Semi-Supervised Interpretable Multi-View Model of Media Frames](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.11030/) (2021)

## Built on by (most cited first, 14 of 14)

- [The Alternative Annotator Test for LLM-as-a-Judge: How to Statistically Justify Replacing Human Annotators with LLMs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.10970/) (2025)
- [Large Language Models are In-Context Molecule Learners](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.04197/) (2024)
- [Connecting the Dots in News Analysis: Bridging the Cross-Disciplinary Disparities in Media Bias and Framing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.08069/) (2023)
- [Entity Framing and Role Portrayal in the News](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.14718/) (2025)
- [Talking Point based Ideological Discourse Analysis in News Events](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.07400/) (2025)
- [What Media Frames Reveal About Stance: A Dataset and Study about Memes in Climate Change Discourse](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.16592/) (2025)
- [Lost in Recursion: Mining Rich Event Semantics in Knowledge Graphs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.16405/) (2024)
- [Framing Social Movements on Social Media: Unpacking Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Motivational Strategies](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.13820/) (2024)
- [Generative Debunking of Climate Misinformation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2407.05599/) (2024)
- [Story Ribbons: Reimagining Storyline Visualizations with Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2508.06772/) (2025)
- [A Structured Clustering Approach for Inducing Media Narratives](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.10368/) (2026)
- [A Conceptual Model for Attributions in Event-Centric Knowledge Graphs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.03563/) (2025)
- [Framing Migration News with LLMs: Structured CoT as a Support for Human Interpretation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2606.03761/) (2026)
- [Discourse-Aware Policy Analysis with Argumentation: A Hybrid LLM-Symbolic Framework for Disaster Governance](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2607.13260/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Despite increasing interest in the automatic detection of media frames in NLP, the problem is typically simplified as single-label classification and adopts a topic-like view on frames, evading modelling the broader document-level narrative. In this work, we revisit a widely used conceptualization of framing from the communication sciences which explicitly captures elements of narratives, including conflict and its resolution, and integrate it with the narrative framing of key entities in the story as heroes, victims or villains. We adapt an effective annotation paradigm that breaks a complex annotation task into a series of simpler binary questions, and present an annotated data set of English news articles, and a case study on the framing of climate change in articles from news outlets across the political spectrum. Finally, we explore automatic multi-label prediction of our frames with supervised and semi-supervised approaches, and present a novel retrieval-based method which is both effective and transparent in its predictions. We conclude with a discussion of opportunities and challenges for future work on document-level models of narrative framing.