# Demonstration of quantum-digital payments

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.14504 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.14504/

## Key facts

- Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 23 May 2023.

## Built on by (most cited first, 2 of 2)

- [Experimentally validated quantum-secure federated learning over a multi-user quantum network](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.12709/) (2025)
- [CyberAId: AI-Driven Cybersecurity for Financial Service Providers](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.01892/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Digital payments have replaced physical banknotes in many aspects of our daily lives. Similarly to banknotes, they should be easy to use, unique, tamper-resistant and untraceable, but additionally withstand digital attackers and data breaches. Current technology substitutes customers' sensitive data by randomized tokens, and secures the payment's uniqueness with a cryptographic function, called a cryptogram. However, computationally powerful attacks violate the security of these functions. Quantum technology comes with the potential to protect even against infinite computational power. Here, we show how quantum light can secure daily digital payments by generating inherently unforgeable quantum cryptograms. We implement the scheme over an urban optical fiber link, and show its robustness to noise and loss-dependent attacks. Unlike previously proposed protocols, our solution does not depend on long-term quantum storage or trusted agents and authenticated channels. It is practical with near-term technology and may herald an era of quantum-enabled security.