# Federated Generalized Category Discovery

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.14107 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.14107/

## Key facts

- Cited by 27 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 42 of its 52 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 23 May 2023.

## Builds on (most cited first, 30 of 42)

- [An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scale](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.11929/) (2020)
- [A Simple Framework for Contrastive Learning of Visual Representations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2002.05709/) (2020)
- [Communication-Efficient Learning of Deep Networks from Decentralized Data](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1602.05629/) (2016)
- [Momentum Contrast for Unsupervised Visual Representation Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1911.05722/) (2019)
- [Emerging Properties in Self-Supervised Vision Transformers](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.14294/) (2021)
- [Federated Optimization in Heterogeneous Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1812.06127/) (2018)
- [Supervised Contrastive Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2004.11362/) (2020)
- [Federated Learning: Challenges, Methods, and Future Directions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1908.07873/) (2019)
- [Prototypical Contrastive Learning of Unsupervised Representations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2005.04966/) (2020)
- [FedBN: Federated Learning on Non-IID Features via Local Batch Normalization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2102.07623/) (2021)
- [Federated Learning Based on Dynamic Regularization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2111.04263/) (2021)
- [A Survey on Contrastive Self-supervised Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2011.00362/) (2020)
- [FedMD: Heterogenous Federated Learning via Model Distillation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1910.03581/) (2019)
- [Debiased Contrastive Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2007.00224/) (2020)
- [HeteroFL: Computation and Communication Efficient Federated Learning for Heterogeneous Clients](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.01264/) (2020)
- [Learning to Discover Novel Visual Categories via Deep Transfer Clustering](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1908.09884/) (2019)
- [Generalized Category Discovery](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2201.02609/) (2022)
- [Adaptive Gradient-Based Meta-Learning Methods](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1906.02717/) (2019)
- [A Unified Objective for Novel Class Discovery](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2108.08536/) (2021)
- [Learning to cluster in order to transfer across domains and tasks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1711.10125/) (2017)
- [Federated Visual Classification with Real-World Data Distribution](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2003.08082/) (2020)
- [Neighborhood Contrastive Learning for Novel Class Discovery](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.10731/) (2021)
- [AutoNovel: Automatically Discovering and Learning Novel Visual Categories](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.15252/) (2021)
- [Parametric Classification for Generalized Category Discovery: A Baseline Study](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2211.11727/) (2022)
- [Federated Semi-Supervised Learning with Inter-Client Consistency & Disjoint Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2006.12097/) (2020)
- [Novel Visual Category Discovery with Dual Ranking Statistics and Mutual Knowledge Distillation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2107.03358/) (2021)
- [Multi-class Classification without Multi-class Labels](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1901.00544/) (2019)
- [Efficient Parameter-free Clustering Using First Neighbor Relations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1902.11266/) (2019)
- [OpenMix: Reviving Known Knowledge for Discovering Novel Visual Categories in An Open World](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2004.05551/) (2020)
- [Federated Unsupervised Representation Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.08982/) (2020)

## Built on by (most cited first, 27 of 27)

- [Democratizing Fine-grained Visual Recognition with Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2401.13837/) (2024)
- [HiLo: A Learning Framework for Generalized Category Discovery Robust to Domain Shifts](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2408.04591/) (2024)
- [Prototypical Hash Encoding for On-the-Fly Fine-Grained Category Discovery](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.19213/) (2024)
- [Hyperbolic Category Discovery](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.06120/) (2025)
- [ProtoGCD: Unified and Unbiased Prototype Learning for Generalized Category Discovery](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.03755/) (2025)
- [Happy: A Debiased Learning Framework for Continual Generalized Category Discovery](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.06535/) (2024)
- [DebGCD: Debiased Learning with Distribution Guidance for Generalized Category Discovery](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.04804/) (2025)
- [Effective Prompt Pool Learning for Continual Category Discovery](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2407.19001/) (2024)
- [Dissecting Generalized Category Discovery: Multiplex Consensus under Self-Deconstruction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2508.10731/) (2025)
- [MOS: Modeling Object-Scene Associations in Generalized Category Discovery](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.12035/) (2025)
- [Generate, Refine, and Encode: Leveraging Synthesized Novel Samples for On-the-Fly Fine-Grained Category Discovery](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2507.04051/) (2025)
- [Multimodal Generalized Category Discovery](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2409.11624/) (2024)
- [Category Discovery: An Open-World Perspective](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2509.22542/) (2025)
- [Federated Continual Novel Class Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2312.13500/) (2023)
- [Real-time Video Target Tracking Algorithm Utilizing Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN)](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2411.18314/) (2024)
- [Generalized Category Discovery under Domain Shift: A Frequency Domain Perspective](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2511.00573/) (2025)
- [PartCo: Part-Level Correspondence Priors Enhance Category Discovery](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2509.22769/) (2025)
- [Discriminative Anchor Learning for Efficient Multi-view Clustering](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2409.16904/) (2024)
- [Towards Micro-Action Recognition with Limited Annotations: An Asynchronous Pseudo Labeling and Training Approach](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.07785/) (2025)
- [Video-based Generalized Category Discovery via Memory-Guided Consistency-Aware Contrastive Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2509.06306/) (2025)
- [Fast Disentangled Slim Tensor Learning for Multi-view Clustering](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2411.07685/) (2024)
- [Interpretable Text-Guided Image Clustering via Iterative Search](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2506.12514/) (2025)
- [Contrastive Learning with Enhanced Abstract Representations using Grouped Loss of Abstract Semantic Supervision](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2509.12771/) (2025)
- [The Devil Is in Gradient Entanglement: Energy-Aware Gradient Coordinator for Robust Generalized Category Discovery](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.14176/) (2026)
- [Unlocking Optical Prior: Spectrum-Guided Knowledge Transfer for SAR Generalized Category Discovery](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.22174/) (2026)
- [Generalized Category Discovery in Federated Graph Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.08178/) (2026)
- [When the Cross-Silo Federation Goes Offline: Continual Learning for Site Onboarding with Limited Unlabeled Data](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2610.05598/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Generalized category discovery (GCD) aims at grouping unlabeled samples from known and unknown classes, given labeled data of known classes. To meet the recent decentralization trend in the community, we introduce a practical yet challenging task, namely Federated GCD (Fed-GCD), where the training data are distributively stored in local clients and cannot be shared among clients. The goal of Fed-GCD is to train a generic GCD model by client collaboration under the privacy-protected constraint. The Fed-GCD leads to two challenges: 1) representation degradation caused by training each client model with fewer data than centralized GCD learning, and 2) highly heterogeneous label spaces across different clients. To this end, we propose a novel Associated Gaussian Contrastive Learning (AGCL) framework based on learnable GMMs, which consists of a Client Semantics Association (CSA) and a global-local GMM Contrastive Learning (GCL). On the server, CSA aggregates the heterogeneous categories of local-client GMMs to generate a global GMM containing more comprehensive category knowledge. On each client, GCL builds class-level contrastive learning with both local and global GMMs. The local GCL learns robust representation with limited local data. The global GCL encourages the model to produce more discriminative representation with the comprehensive category relationships that may not exist in local data. We build a benchmark based on six visual datasets to facilitate the study of Fed-GCD. Extensive experiments show that our AGCL outperforms the FedAvg-based baseline on all datasets.