# ProgSG: Cross-Modality Representation Learning for Programs in Electronic Design Automation

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.10838 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.10838/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 43 of its 67 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 18 May 2023.

## Builds on (most cited first, 30 of 43)

- [Attention Is All You Need](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1706.03762/) (2017)
- [BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1810.04805/) (2018)
- [Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformer](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1910.10683/) (2019)
- [Semi-Supervised Classification with Graph Convolutional Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1609.02907/) (2016)
- [Graph Attention Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1710.10903/) (2017)
- [Inductive Representation Learning on Large Graphs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1706.02216/) (2017)
- [Align before Fuse: Vision and Language Representation Learning with Momentum Distillation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2107.07651/) (2021)
- [Variational Graph Auto-Encoders](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1611.07308/) (2016)
- [CodeBERT: A Pre-Trained Model for Programming and Natural Languages](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2002.08155/) (2020)
- [ViLT: Vision-and-Language Transformer Without Convolution or Region Supervision](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2102.03334/) (2021)
- [Graph Contrastive Learning with Augmentations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.13902/) (2020)
- [Deep Graph Infomax](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1809.10341/) (2018)
- [CodeT5: Identifier-aware Unified Pre-trained Encoder-Decoder Models for Code Understanding and Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2109.00859/) (2021)
- [Representation Learning on Graphs with Jumping Knowledge Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1806.03536/) (2018)
- [FLAVA: A Foundational Language And Vision Alignment Model](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2112.04482/) (2021)
- [In-Datacenter Performance Analysis of a Tensor Processing Unit](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1704.04760/) (2017)
- [GraphCodeBERT: Pre-training Code Representations with Data Flow](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2009.08366/) (2020)
- [ERNIE: Enhanced Language Representation with Informative Entities](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1905.07129/) (2019)
- [Masked Label Prediction: Unified Message Passing Model for Semi-Supervised Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2009.03509/) (2020)
- [GCC: Graph Contrastive Coding for Graph Neural Network Pre-Training](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2006.09963/) (2020)
- [Look, Listen and Learn](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1705.08168/) (2017)
- [InfoGraph: Unsupervised and Semi-supervised Graph-Level Representation Learning via Mutual Information Maximization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1908.01000/) (2019)
- [Pix2Struct: Screenshot Parsing as Pretraining for Visual Language Understanding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2210.03347/) (2022)
- [GPT-GNN: Generative Pre-Training of Graph Neural Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2006.15437/) (2020)
- [code2vec: Learning Distributed Representations of Code](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1803.09473/) (2018)
- [IntelliCode Compose: Code Generation Using Transformer](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2005.08025/) (2020)
- [CrossPoint: Self-Supervised Cross-Modal Contrastive Learning for 3D Point Cloud Understanding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.00680/) (2022)
- [Self-Supervised Learning of Graph Neural Networks: A Unified Review](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2102.10757/) (2021)
- [GreaseLM: Graph REASoning Enhanced Language Models for Question Answering](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2201.08860/) (2022)
- [Deep Bidirectional Language-Knowledge Graph Pretraining](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2210.09338/) (2022)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Recent years have witnessed the growing popularity of domain-specific accelerators (DSAs), such as Google's TPUs, for accelerating various applications such as deep learning, search, autonomous driving, etc. To facilitate DSA designs, high-level synthesis (HLS) is used, which allows a developer to compile a high-level description in the form of software code in C and C++ into a design in low-level hardware description languages (such as VHDL or Verilog) and eventually synthesized into a DSA on an ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit) or FPGA (field-programmable gate arrays). However, existing HLS tools still require microarchitecture decisions, expressed in terms of pragmas (such as directives for parallelization and pipelining). To enable more people to design DSAs, it is desirable to automate such decisions with the help of deep learning for predicting the quality of HLS designs. This requires us a deeper understanding of the program, which is a combination of original code and pragmas. Naturally, these programs can be considered as sequence data, for which large language models (LLM) can help. In addition, these programs can be compiled and converted into a control data flow graph (CDFG), and the compiler also provides fine-grained alignment between the code tokens and the CDFG nodes. However, existing works either fail to leverage both modalities or combine the two in shallow or coarse ways. We propose ProgSG allowing the source code sequence modality and the graph modalities to interact with each other in a deep and fine-grained way. To alleviate the scarcity of labeled designs, a pre-training method is proposed based on a suite of compiler's data flow analysis tasks. Experimental results on two benchmark datasets show the superiority of ProgSG over baseline methods that either only consider one modality or combine the two without utilizing the alignment information.