# DeepFocus: Fast focus and astigmatism correction for electron microscopy

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.04977 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.04977/

## Key facts

- Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 8 May 2023.

## Built on by (most cited first, 2 of 2)

- [Bridging the Simulation-to-Reality Gap in Electron Microscope Calibration via VAE-EM Estimation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.16549/) (2026)
- [A Mixture of Experts Foundation Model for Scanning Electron Microscopy Image Analysis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.05960/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

High-throughput 2D and 3D scanning electron microscopy, which relies on automation and dependable control algorithms, requires high image quality with minimal human intervention. Classical focus and astigmatism correction algorithms attempt to explicitly model image formation and subsequently aberration correction. Such models often require parameter adjustments by experts when deployed to new microscopes, challenging samples, or imaging conditions to prevent unstable convergence, making them hard to use in practice or unreliable. Here, we introduce DeepFocus, a purely data-driven method for aberration correction in scanning electron microscopy. DeepFocus works under very low signal-to-noise ratio conditions, reduces processing times by more than an order of magnitude compared to the state-of-the-art method, rapidly converges within a large aberration range, and is easily recalibrated to different microscopes or challenging samples.