# Pitchclass2vec: Symbolic Music Structure Segmentation with Chord Embeddings

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.15306 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.15306/

## Key facts

- Cited by 4 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 12 of its 58 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 24 Mar 2023.

## Builds on (most cited first, 12 of 12)

- [Efficient Estimation of Word Representations in Vector Space](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1301.3781/) (2013)
- [Deep contextualized word representations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1802.05365/) (2018)
- [Enriching Word Vectors with Subword Information](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1607.04606/) (2016)
- [Convolutional LSTM Network: A Machine Learning Approach for Precipitation Nowcasting](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1506.04214/) (2015)
- [Bidirectional LSTM-CRF Models for Sequence Tagging](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1508.01991/) (2015)
- [Knowledge Enhanced Contextual Word Representations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1909.04164/) (2019)
- [Named Entity Recognition with Bidirectional LSTM-CNNs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1511.08308/) (2015)
- [PiRhDy: Learning Pitch-, Rhythm-, and Dynamics-aware Embeddings for Symbolic Music](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.08091/) (2020)
- [Word2Vec applied to Recommendation: Hyperparameters Matter](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1804.04212/) (2018)
- [Unsupervised Learning of Deep Features for Music Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2108.12955/) (2021)
- [Uncovering audio patterns in music with Nonnegative Tucker Decomposition for structural segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.08580/) (2021)
- [Supervised Metric Learning for Music Structure Features](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2110.09000/) (2021)

## Built on by (most cited first, 4 of 4)

- [Natural Language Processing Methods for Symbolic Music Generation and Information Retrieval: a Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.17467/) (2024)
- [Motifs, Phrases, and Beyond: The Modelling of Structure in Symbolic Music Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.07995/) (2024)
- [Combinatorial music generation model with song structure graph analysis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2312.15400/) (2023)
- [Emergent Tonal Structure in Learned Chord Embeddings and Its Relation to Tonal Tension](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.36460/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Structure perception is a fundamental aspect of music cognition in humans. Historically, the hierarchical organization of music into structures served as a narrative device for conveying meaning, creating expectancy, and evoking emotions in the listener. Thereby, musical structures play an essential role in music composition, as they shape the musical discourse through which the composer organises his ideas. In this paper, we present a novel music segmentation method, pitchclass2vec, based on symbolic chord annotations, which are embedded into continuous vector representations using both natural language processing techniques and custom-made encodings. Our algorithm is based on long-short term memory (LSTM) neural network and outperforms the state-of-the-art techniques based on symbolic chord annotations in the field.